A pioneer in alternative cancer treatment, Josef Issels, MD, of Germany, achieved remarkable remissions, even in advanced cases, through combination of therapies designed to shrink the tumor and repair the body's defense mechanisms. His "whole body" approach included anticancer vaccines, an anticancer diet emphasizing organic raw foods, and fever therapy to stimulate immune function. He also used a variety of methods to rebuild the immune system and change the body's biochemistry to eliminate an evironment favorable for the development of cancer.
Occasionally he also used very-low-dose chemotherapy, surgery, radiation and ozone therapy in combination with immunotherapy. He prescribed organ extracts to repair damage to organs and improve their functioning. He also administered organ-specific RNA and DNA, proteolytic enzymes to destroy the protein coat surrounding tumors, as well as vitamins and minerals to strengthen the body's enzyme activity. He recommended his patients to have the infected teeth and/or tonsils, and metallic (especially mercury amalgams) fillings removed, because he felt these could have unfavorable effect on immune system. His program also includes psychotherapy to deal with the emotional factors that he felt could hinder recovery.
Dr. Issels gave patients a "fever shot" once a month to raise the body temperature as high as 105 F. He induced active fever with the ethical drug Pyrifer, made from specially treated coli bacteria. He induced passive fever by means of hyperthermia: the patient was placed inside a cylinder containing electrodes that bombarded his or her body with ultra short waves.
He tried to motivate the cancer patients to take on full time struggle against cancer. As one unusual example, his cancer patients were routed out of their beds to do light mountain climbing in the Bavarian Alps. The patients also participated in a daily exercise that included jogging.
Two independent studies - one at King's college Hospital in London, the other at the University of Leyden in Holland - confirmed that about 17 percent of Issel's terminal patients led normal, cancer-free lives for at least five years. Their life expectancy upon admission had been less than one year.
In 50s and 60s the German medical establishment was nowhere near as liberal as now. It boycotted and isolated Dr. Issels. Finally, the German medical authorities leveled trumped-up charges of fraud and manslaughter against Issels, and in 1960, Issels was imprisoned in a cell block containing only convicted murderers. Eventually, however, Dr. Issels was acquitted of all charges. Continue Reading >>
Showing posts with label vaccines. Show all posts
Showing posts with label vaccines. Show all posts
Friday, August 08, 2008
Saturday, May 10, 2008
Education Not Medication
"There is no scientific proof of the safety or the effectiveness of drugs and/or vaccinations.
According to the journal, BMJ Clinical Evidence, about 2,500 drug treatments offered in conventional medicine produce the following results (including the latest drug killer,
Heparin):
1) 13 percent are beneficial to the patient
2) 23 percent are likely to be beneficial
3) 8 percent is a trade-off between benefits and harm
4) 6 percent are unlikely to be beneficial
5) 4 percent are likely to be ineffective or harmful, and
6) 46 percent have unknown effectiveness.
There is a 64% risk that the drug or the vaccine treatment you or your child receive will cause harm, will be ineffective or may have unknown side-effects.
The leading cause of death in America is not Cancer - NO!
It is not Heart Disease - NO! It is not diabetes - NO!
The leading cause of death in America is caused by pharma drugs -YES!
American does not need more medicine. What America needs is more education. That's right! Education not medication.
Education on how to maintain the alkaline design of the body and prevent ALL sickness and dis-ease!
Say NO TO ALL DRUGS! Let your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food, as stated by Hippocrates.
The safe and effective way to have health, energy and vitality is to simply maintain the alkaline design of the body with an alkaline lifestyle and diet.
"Health is all about maintaining the delicate alkaline pH of the blood and tissues," states Dr. Robert O.
Young, of the pH Miracle Living Center.
According to the journal, BMJ Clinical Evidence, about 2,500 drug treatments offered in conventional medicine produce the following results (including the latest drug killer,
Heparin):
1) 13 percent are beneficial to the patient
2) 23 percent are likely to be beneficial
3) 8 percent is a trade-off between benefits and harm
4) 6 percent are unlikely to be beneficial
5) 4 percent are likely to be ineffective or harmful, and
6) 46 percent have unknown effectiveness.
There is a 64% risk that the drug or the vaccine treatment you or your child receive will cause harm, will be ineffective or may have unknown side-effects.
The leading cause of death in America is not Cancer - NO!
It is not Heart Disease - NO! It is not diabetes - NO!
The leading cause of death in America is caused by pharma drugs -YES!
American does not need more medicine. What America needs is more education. That's right! Education not medication.
Education on how to maintain the alkaline design of the body and prevent ALL sickness and dis-ease!
Say NO TO ALL DRUGS! Let your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food, as stated by Hippocrates.
The safe and effective way to have health, energy and vitality is to simply maintain the alkaline design of the body with an alkaline lifestyle and diet.
"Health is all about maintaining the delicate alkaline pH of the blood and tissues," states Dr. Robert O.
Young, of the pH Miracle Living Center.
Sunday, February 24, 2008
Death By Vaccine
The following is a history of virology, bacteriology, mycology and vaccination that has lead to many of the out-breaks and/or epidemics from the Spanish Flu Epidemic to Polio to HIV/AIDS to the Gulf War Syndrome and now to our latest epidemics of prostate and breast cancer, diabetes, obesity and the rise of autism in children.
Dr. Young has stated that the use of vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals will only poison the body leading to the one sickness and one disease - latent tissue acidosis and then death.
All vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals are the acids of morbid fermentation of plant, animal and human matter and when ingested or injected, it only proves that you can poison the body and then hopefully live through it.
The day will soon come when scientists will proclaim that the use of vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals were and are harmful to the human body and should not be used under ANY circumstances.
In the words of Thomas Edison, 'The Doctor of the Future will give no medicine, but will involve the patient in the proper use of food, fresh air, and exercise.'
The future that Thomas Edison speaks is here and now! Read on to understand and to see for yourself the course we have been walking for the last several centuries and how things must change before it is to late.
1798 General vaccine programs against cowpox instituted in the US.
1801 First widespread experimentation with vaccines begins.
1802 The British government gives Edward Jenner £10,000 for continued
experimentation with 'smallpox vaccine.' The paradigm that vaccines
provide 'lifetime immunity' is abandoned, and the concept of 'revaccination' is
sanctioned.
1822 The British government advances Edward Jenner another £20,000 for
'smallpox vaccine' experimentation. Jenner suppresses reports which
indicate his concept is causing more death than saving lives.
1844 Fredrich Loeffler isolated the diphtheria bacillus from the throats of patients.
1881 Sternberg in his own lab isolated the pneumococcus
1882 Robert Koch isolates the tubercle bacillus
1883 Robert Koch isolates the cholera bacillus.
1883 Max Von Pettenkofer suggested that Koch's bacteria were only one of the many factors in the causation of cholera. He prepared test tubes thick with lethal cholera bacteria and he and several of his students drank them down with no side affects.
1888 Bacteriological Institute opens in Paris for experimentation with animals and production of vaccines and sera. Other institutes open around the world modeled after the Paris Institute.
1888 Bacteriological Institute in Odessa, Russia tries its hand at a vaccine for anthrax. Over 4500 sheep are vaccinated; 3,700 of them die from the vaccination.
1909 New York Press, January 26, 1909 publishes a report by W.B. Clark which states, 'cancer was practically unknown until cowpox vaccination began to be introduced. I have seen 200 cases of cancer, and I never saw a case of cancer in an unvaccinated person.' Scientific evidence begins to mount that where human lymph is employed in a vaccine, syphilis, leprosy and TB soon follow. Where calf lymph is employed in the creation of a vaccine, TB and cancer soon follow. (Cancer and Vaccination by Esculapius).
1911 The head of French Public Health for the French Army said that germs alone were 'powerless to create an epidemic.'
1912 First whooping cough (Pertussis) vaccine created by two French bacteriologists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, who wanted to use it in Tunisia. After they grew Pertussis bacteria in large pots, they killed it with heat, mixed it with formaldehyde (used to embalm bodies) and injected it into children.
'Vaccinations, Not a Virus, Is Responsible for Spanish Flu - 1918'
Dr. Robert O. Young
1933 a British science team to identify the first filterable bacteria in man, yet propaganda says that the virus of Spanish flu killed millions of civilians and soldiers during the pandemic from 1918 to 1920.
Many would have us believe that all those American soldiers who died from non-combatant causes died from Spanish flu. However, U.S. Army records show that seven men died after being vaccinated.
A report from U.S. Secretary of War Henry L Stimson, the deaths were not only verified but also there had been 63 deaths and 28,585 cases of hepatitis reported as a direct result of yellow fever vaccination during only six months of the war. Plus, the yellow fever vaccination was only one of the 14 to 25 shots given to recruits.
1911 vaccinations became a requirement in the U.S. Army. Cases of typhoid and vaccinal diseases increased rapidly, according to Army records.
1917 The death rate from typhoid reached the highest point in the history of the U.S. Army after America entered the war.
In 1917, 19,608 men were admitted into army hospitals due to antityphoid inoculation and vaccinia, according to a report of the Surgeon-General of the U.S. Army; and this doesn't take into account others whose symptoms were attributed to other causes.
The army doctors knew all these cases of disease and death were due to vaccination and were honest enough to admit it in their medical reports. Army doctors tried to suppress the symptoms of typhoid with a stronger vaccine, however it caused a worse form of typhoid, paratyphoid. They then concocted an even stronger vaccine to suppress the previous one and created an even worse disease--Spanish flu.
After the war, this was one of the vaccines used to protect a panic-stricken world from the soldiers returning from WWI battle fronts infected with dangerous diseases.
The rest is history.
1918 Great influenza epidemic attributed to widespread use of vaccines that killed up to 100 million people.
1921 BCG tuberculosis vaccine developed.
1922 A study by Samuel Torrey Orton connects emotional disturbance with neurological problems. This insight was lost after World War II when psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis became popular, breaking the connection. The emotional disturbances caused by vaccines then became financial fodder for the new psych-industries. With the causes suppressed, a new industry was born.
1925 Danish researcher Thorvald Madsen tries a modified Pertussis vaccine during an epidemic in the Faroc Islands. It did not prevent Pertussis. (See 1933).
1925 General vaccine programs against tuberculosis began in the United States.
1927 British government appoints a committee to inquire into 'vaccine lymph', as it is noticed that the 'glycerinated calf lymph' used in vaccinations causes deaths from 'sleepy sickness'. Two London professors bring notice of the problem to the government in 1922. It takes 5 years before the government responds.
1930 Max Theiler develops a yellow fever vaccine.
1931 Roosevelt endorses polio 'immune serum', precursor to vaccines in 1950's.
1932 Diptheria vaccines injure 171 and kill 1 in Charolles, France.
1933 Danish researcher Thorvald Madsen discovers the Pertussis vaccines ability to kill infants without warning (SID). He reports that two babies vaccinated immediately after birth died in a few minutes.
1933 American researchers report that children react to Pertussis vaccine with fever, convulsions and collapse.
1936 Pertussis vaccine introduced in the United States. Autism begins to appear in children shortly thereafter.
1936 Diptheria vaccine injures 75 in France.
1943 American vaccine researcher Pearl Kendrick reports that adding a metallic salt seemed to heighten the capacity of the Pertussis vaccine to produce anti-bodies. (Metal salt is an 'adjuvant' in this way). Some metallic salts used are those of aluminum (alum). Pearl Kendrick is the researcher that urged that Pertussis vaccine be combined with Diptheria vaccine. Later the Tetanus vaccine was added, producing the nefarious DPT Vaccine.
1943 General vaccine program against influenza begins in the US.
1944 Health Practitioners Journal, June 1944, reports Dr. S.S. Goldwater, the New York Commissioner of Hospitals states 'as a result of the drugs, vaccines and other suppressive treatments used to check diseases, chronic diseases are growing at such a rate that America may become a nation of invalids.'
1945 Japan surrenders twice, followed by US bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki and a third and final surrender. The Allies mandate compulsory vaccination in Japan. The first cases of autism follow pertussis vaccine introduction.
1946 US Government Pertussis vaccine expert Margaret Pittman and FDA's Charles Kendrick decide to test Pertussis vaccine by injecting it into the brains of mice and see how many survive.
1946 Werne and Garrow describe the deaths of identical twins within 24 hours of their second Pertussis shot.
1947 Matthew Brody at the Brooklyn Hospital gives detailed descriptions of two cases of brain damage leading to death in children receiving Pertussis shots.
1947 Charles Posner of the Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology writes, 'almost any vaccination can lead to noninfectious inflammatory reaction involving the nervous system. The common denominator consists of vasculopathy that is often associated with demyelination.' (demyelination is the stripping of the insulation away from the nerves).
1947 The British Medical Research Council begins testing 50,000 children in Britain with the Pertussis vaccine. All children tested are more than 14 months old (not newborns). Eight infants had convulsions within 72 hours of the shot, 34 had convulsions within 28 days of the shot. British doctors denied a connection between the vaccine and the convulsions, declaring the tests a success and began administering it to all British children.
Despite the fact that none of the tests were conducted on children under 14 months old (newborns & babies), the United States holds the tests in evidence that the vaccine is safe for newborns as young as 6 weeks of age. The testing would continue until 1957.
1948 Randolph K. Byers and Frederick C. Moll of the Harvard Medical School publish an article describing children who had suffered brain damage after receiving Pertussis vaccine. The findings provided the first clear evidence that the vaccine caused the serious neurological complications in children.
1948 Randolph Byes and Frederick Moll of Harvard Medical School validate that severe neurological disorders follow the administration of DPT vaccine. The research was performed at Children's Hospital in Boston and published in Pediatrics magazine. Nothing was done by physicians to halt the use of DPT vaccine.
1948 A study on Pertussis vaccine reaction is done by Randolph K. Byers and Frederick C. Moll of the Harvard Medical School. They examine 15 children who had reacted violently within 72 hours of a Pertussis vaccination. All the children were normal before the shot. None had ever had a convulsion before. One of the children became blind, deaf, spastic and helpless after being given the Pertussis shot. Out of the 15 children, 2 died and 9 suffered from damage to their nervous system. Physicians were displeased by these results.
1948 England bans smallpox vaccine.
1948 North Carolina polio cases number 2,498. See 1949.
1948 Louis Sauer makes an interesting observation at an AMA meeting where Pertussis vaccination was discussed. Louis Sauer points out that 'the neurological damage caused by Pertussis vaccine is the same as the damage caused by Pertussis (whooping cough -- Which is logical, because they use the bacteria in the vaccine). According to Sauer, 'a customary prophylactic dose of Pertussis vaccine seems to illicit a chain of nervous system reactions and in some cases irreversible pathological changes in the brain. These findings resemble those encountered in cases of severe whooping cough (Pertussis).' In other words, the vaccine is causing the disease condition.
1949 US Public Health Service Division of Biologics Standards establish a national potency test for Pertussis vaccine, and modify it in 1953 to establish potency limits. Despite this, the Pertussis vaccine that is pronounced 'safe' still causes minimal brain damage (MBD) in humans.
1951 Theiler wins Nobel for work on yellow fever vaccine.
1952 Formulation of the polio vaccine begins. Tens of millions of doses of polio vaccines produced from virus grown in monkey cells infected with SV-40 (Simian Virus #40). Scientists 'perform experiments in laboratories to determine the correct doses of antigen and supplementary chemicals to use in the polio vaccine. (Ironically, since the scientific premise of vaccination is faulty, a 'correct dose of antigen and chemicals' does not exist).
1953 At the University of Zurich, Dr. S.Kong of the Pediatric Clinic compiles a list of 82 cases of Pertussis vaccine damage from world literature.
1953 The Swedish conduct a study on the Pertussis vaccine. Anna L. Annell, a Swedish researcher, writes a major work on Pertussis which indicates that 'pertussis vaccine may be associated with the most varying kinds of cerebral complications which may be cortical, subcortical or peripheral.'
Encephalitis after vaccination is known to produce the same range of disabilities and impairment. Annel also wrote, 'during the past few decades certain of the epidemic children's disease, measles in particular, have shown an increased tendency to attack the central nervous system. After the 1920's a large number of cases involving CNS damage were reported.
1954 Salk vaccine begins to be given to school children in Philadelphia.
1954 Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company combines the DPT shot with Polio vaccine. The new combination of four vaccines is called Quadrigen. (See 1959).
1954 Reward of $30,000 offered to anyone who proves polio vaccine not a fraud. Not one person was able to claim the reward.
1954 Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, allows a press photo to be taken during a ceremony declaring Salk vaccine safe.
1954 Polio rate caused by the vaccine accelerates ten-fold in Massachusetts.
1954 Eli Lilly company begins renovation of a five-story building in Indianapolis in July 1954 for the production of Salk vaccine. It is in full production by October of
1954. Wyeth, Parke-Davis and others follow suit.
1954 A study on 'neurologic sequelae of prophylactic innoculation' summarized state-of-the-art knowledge in noting that the common factor in the pathologyof encephalitis from vaccination is 'anaphlactic hypersensitivity'.
1955 Georgia State public health officers meet in Atlanta (May 1955) to discuss
what was going wrong with the Salk vaccine program. A U.S. Public Health scientist at the meeting told the group that 'he was not permitted to disclose what had happened because it would jeopardize the investment of the pharmaceutical firms in the vaccine program.'
1955 Measles death rate has naturally declined, without vaccines, to .03 per 100,000 by 1955.
1955 At the University of Illinois School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Niels Low shows that the EEG of infants is sometimes altered by a DPT shot,concluding that significant cerebral reactions and neurological changes occur.
1955 American Cancer Society advertising circular states 'cancer will strike one of every four persons now living. More children from 3 to 15 years of age die of cancer than from any other disease.' (50 years before, cancer was unheard of in children). According to the ACS, they are predicting 6.4 million deaths from cancer, compared with 128,000 in 1933--an increase of 6.2 million cases in 22 years. Vaccination, pesticide use and chemical pollution are the main factors that have increased since 1933.
1955 Despite the sky rocketing cases of vaccine-induced polio, the AMA, NFIP and USPHS claim a reduction of 40-50%.
1955 Idaho brings its Salk vaccination program to a halt on July 1, 1955.
Utah does the same on July 12, 1955.
1955 Boston Herald newspaper reports on April 18, 1955, features an article entitled 'Drug Companies Expecting Big Profit on Salk Vaccine', which stated. 'A spokesman for Parke-Davis, which made 50% of the Salk vaccine, said 'now that it has been declared safe, we can get back the millions we invested in the development of the Salk vaccine and make a profit out of it. Our company will made over $10 million on Salk vaccine in 1955.'
1955 Rhodes and Company, Wall Street brokers specializing in drug securities, estimate that the gross revenue of the six vaccine houses licensed to produce and sell Salk vaccine would be about $60 million, with profits of $20 million.
1955 The CIA conducts a biological warfare experiment in the Tampa Bay area in Florida with agents withdrawn from an Army CBW center. A sharp rise in whooping cough (Pertussis) cases occurs, including 12 deaths, following the test.
1955 Washington Bureau of the Detroit Free Press reports, on June 3, 1955, that 'The USPHS reported that more children who received Salk shots made by the Wyeth Labs suffered polio more than could normally be expected;'
1955 AMA Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Article by James C. Spaulding who covered the conference was published in the AMA Journal, June 19,
1955, 'A policy of secrecy and deception has been followed by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and the US Public Health Service in the polio vaccine programs. The nation's physicians were prevented from learning vital information about the trouble with Salk vaccine. The US Public Health Service had an advisory group made up almost entirely of scientists who were receiving money from the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis, which was exerting pressure to go ahead with the program even after Salk vaccine was found to be dangerous.' Spaulding further said, 'the Infantile Paralysis Foundation kept secret the fact that live virus was detected in four out of six supposedly 'finished and safe' lots of vaccine.'
1955 Salk Polio Vaccine again used in the US. Cases of polio skyrocket again in the United States.
1955 Reported that doctors on the staff of the National Institutes for Health are avoiding vaccination of their children with the Salk vaccine, and that after experimenting with 1200 monkeys, they declared the Salk vaccine worthless as a preventative and a danger to take.
1955 First vaccinated generation become adolescents.
1955 Massachusetts reports 642% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954 with vaccination of 130,000 children. In response, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis states that the increase in cases was due to the fact that 'no children were vaccinated there.'
1955 Massachusetts bans the sale of Salk vaccine.'
1955 Dr. Graham W. Wilson, director of Britain's Public Health Laboratory Service, who knew about the NIH Salk vaccine trials, says 'I do not see how any vaccine prepared by Salk's method can be guaranteed safe.'
1955 US Surgeon General Scheele admits in a closed session of the AMA that 'Salk polio vaccine is hard to make and no batch can be proven safe before given to children'. Despite this fact, the public is told that the vaccine is safe. The government announces that it has the intention to vaccinate 57 million people before August 1955.
1955 Surgeon General Scheele (who never practiced medicine a day in his life!) goes on public radio saying 'I have complete confidence in the Salk vaccine. I urge doctors to continue vaccinations.'
1956 Seventeen states in the United States reject their government-supplied Salk polio vaccine.
1956 US government appropriates $53.6 million to 'aid states in providing free vaccine to people under 20 years of age'.
1956 Idaho health director Peterson states that polio only struck vaccinated children in areas where there had been no cases of polio since the preceding autumn. In 90% of the cases, the paralysis occurred in the arm in which the vaccine had been injected.
1956 American Public Health Service announces 168 cases of polio and 6 deaths among those vaccinated. Censorship is then imposed on the reporting of reactions to Salk vaccine.
1956 Oral polio vaccine developed further by Sabin.
1956 The US Public Health Service and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (Rockefeller) put on a drive to 'sell' Salk polio vaccine to the public.
1957 Governor Knight of California asks the legislature for $3 million in order to insure vaccination for all those under 40 years old with Salk polio vaccine. The newspapers report that corporate profits from the Salk vaccine will be in excess of $5 billion. (Feb 6, 1957). Governor Knight notes there are 4 million Californians under 40 and signs the bill.
1957 Pertussis vaccination programs exist in all industrialized nations, with the US leading the way. The vaccine is promoted as 'risk free'.
1957 Scientists isolate a series of Simian (monkey) viruses and discover that these same viruses contaminate polio vaccines. SV-40 found in both Sabin and Salk polio vaccines. (made since early '50s), Information not made public. The same vaccines continued to be used until the early 1960's.
1958 World literature now contains 107 cases of severe reaction to Pertussis vaccine (93 of those cases were in the US). At the Fountain Hospital in London, Dr. J.M. Berg analyzed the 107 cases and found that 31 of them showed signs of permanent brain damage. Berg calls attention to the danger of mental retardation as an effect of the Pertussis vaccine and emphasizes that 'any suggestion of a neurological reaction to a Pertussis vaccination should be an absolute contraindication to further inoculation.' The United States medical establishment ignores and suppresses the data. American physicians maintain that the damage caused is small compared to 'lack of 'serious' reactions in children vaccinated.' No data has ever been found to justify a basis for this conclusion.
1958 Verdict of $147,000 rendered against Cutter Laboratories in California for the crippling of two children with the Salk polio vaccine. Cutter Labs was the only vaccine manufacturer not part of the Rockefeller Trust.
1959 The United States never conducts its own clinical trials on Pertussis vaccine, but instead relies (as it still does today) on data collected by Britain's Medical Research Council in clinical trials in England in the 1950's for 'proof of vaccine safety and effectiveness in newborns and children.' Interestingly, Britain's trials on 50,000 British children were performed on children more than 14 months old. None of the children were newborns.
1959 National Institutes of Health (NIH) approves licensing of Quadrigen vaccine for children, containing Pertussis, Diptheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccines. The new combination vaccine was found to be highly reactive and was withdrawn from the market in 1968 after parents started filing lawsuits against Parke- Davis for vaccine damaged children.
1959 Pertussis vaccine found to have allergenic effect on animals.
1960 British Medical Journal publishes an article by Swedish vaccine researcher Justus Strom, who stated that the neurological complications from the disease Pertussis are less than that in the Pertussis vaccine. Strom also pointed out that 'whooping cough (Pertussis) had changed and had become a milder disease, making it questionable whether universal vaccination against it is justified.'
1960 General vaccination program for measles begins in the United States.
1960 It is estimated in 1960 that over 1,000,000 children have vaccine-caused disabilities, including learning difficulties and school behavioral problems, behavioral disturbances, allergies, speech difficulties, visual problems, and problems in adjustment and coping.
1961 A senior school medical officer in Northern England, J.M. Hooper, finds that parents are beginning to refuse to bring children for a Pertussis booster shot, based on earlier violent reaction to the 'vaccination.' Children were suffering from collapse, vomiting, and uncontrollable screaming. No one paid attention to these warnings.
1961 Sabin polio vaccine immunization campaign.
1963 American researcher John F. Enders creates a measles vaccine. Mass inoculations begin.
1963 Children vaccinated with killed measles vaccine between 1963 and 1967 develop Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS). Studies suggest the children's reshponse to the 'wild' measles virus is 'altered' and that the severity and persistence of symptoms suggests encephalopathy (brain damage.) See 1967.
1964 Reward of $30,000 offered to prove polio vaccine was not fraud. No takers.
1965 US Government's leading Pertussis vaccine specialist, Margaret Pittman, (until 1971) states, 'Bordetella Pertussis is unique among infectious bacteria in its marked ability to modify biological processes.'
1965 Congress passes the Immunization Assistance Act. More states made their vaccination programs mandatory/obligatory.
1967 The FDA stops the use of an experimental cancer vaccine which was producing significant results. Developed by James Rand and Eernest Ayre, a recognized cancer specialist. The Rand vaccine produced significant improvement in terminal patients in over 30% of patients. It cured tumors and breast cancer in four to six months, without radiation, surgery or chemotherapy. The FDA Commissioner was James L. Goddard, the same man who persecuted the use of DMSO. Goddard used the DMSO issue in 1966 in an attempt to foster a medical dictatorship in the US in collusion with the medical and pharmaceutical industries, and remove viable treatments from public access.
1967 At the Bland-Sutton Institute of Middlesex Hospital in London, George Dick writes, 'it has been long known that increasing the number of Pertussis bacteria per dose of vaccine increases the frequency of reactions. It would be surprising if decreasing the size of the infants receiving a particular vaccine did not also increase the reactions.' A violation of a standard axiom in medicine, which matches the size and weight to an amount of substance. (Why are newborns getting the same dosage as an adult?).
1967 Dr. Vicent Fulginiti, M.D., former chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, asserts that inactivated measles vaccine should no longer be administered. See 1963.
1967 Killed measles vaccine is discontinued in the United States.
1967 General vaccination program for Mumps begins in the United States.
1967 Science magazine (10/20/67) features article on Joshua Lederberg of the Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Lederberg notifies the scientific world that 'live viruses (as in vaccines) are genetic messages used for the purpose of programming human cells' and 'we already practice biological engineering on a rather large scale by use of live viruses in mass immunization campaigns'
1970 Due to the increasingly mild nature of whooping cough (Pertussis), infant deaths cease from naturally acquired Pertussis in Sweden. Deaths associated with vaccine continue. Sweden stops Pertussis vaccination in 1970.
1970 A study by Pittman reveals Pertussis vaccine can induce hypoglycemia due to increased production of insulin. (Ref: DPT shots). Study is corroborated in 1978 by Hannick and Cohen and by Hennessen and Quast in West Germany. Result: Pertussis and DPT vaccines can cause diabetes.
1972 British Journal of Psychiatry #120 reveals that 'psychotic disorders may be caused by viral infections.' (Ref: viruses induced by vaccines).
1973 The field of genetic engineering is opened by advances in scientific research, making way for creation of recombinent micro-organisms and new viral structures in the laboratory. The U.S. military applies the technology to its chemical and biological weapons program, claiming overtly that such work is 'to develop defensive vaccines'.
1974 British researcher George Disk estimates that there are 80 cases of severe neurological complications from Pertussis vaccine annually. Over 33% of these children died and another 33% were left with brain damage. Dick maintains he is not convinced that the community benefit from the vaccine outweighs the damage.
1974 The Association of Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children is formed in Britain, & pressures the government to study adverse reactions to Pertussis vaccine.
1975 Federal Drug Administration Bureau of Biologics concludes that Diptheria toxoid (vaccine) is 'not as effective an immunizing agent as might be anticipated.' They admit that Diptheria may occur in vaccinated people, and note that 'the permanence of immunity induced by the toxoid is open to question.'
1975 Japan stops using Pertussis vaccine following publicity about vaccine-related deaths.
1976 FDA Pertussis vaccine specialist Charles Manclark comments 'Pertussis vaccine is one of the most troublesome products to produce and assay. It has one of the highest failure rates of all products submitted to the Bureau of Biologics for testing and release. Approximately 15-20% of all lots which pass manufacturer tests fail to pass the tests of the Bureau.'
1976 According to a letter from the British Association for Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children, published in the British Medical Journal of February 1976, 'two years ago we started to collect details from parents of serious reactions suffered by their children to immunizations of all kinds. In 65% of the cases referred to us, reactions followed 'triple' vaccinations. The children in this group total 182 to date. All are severely brain damaged, some are paralyzed, and 5 have died during the past 18 months. Approximately 60% of reactions (major convulsions, collapse, screaming) happened within 3 days and all within 12 days.
1976 Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the polio vaccine, says that analysis indicates that the live virus vaccine in use since the 1960's is the principle, if not sole cause of all polio cases since 1961.
1976 More than 500 people receiving flu vaccinations become paralyzed with Guilain-Barre Syndrome.
1977 A Blue Ribbon Panel is convened to investigate the reason for the drop in the general IQ of the United States. Seventy-nine theories were advanced, but none of them satisfactorily explained the drop in mental capacity of the US population. The idea that vaccines could be part of the problem was not brought up. Y.L. Warten, 1977. (The Prussian education system is also part of the problem, for those volkschuelen).
1977 The British government is pressured by the publicity following the new data about Pertussis and DPT vaccinations.
1977 The University of Glasgow in Scotland, Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Gordon Stuart, publishes a study analyzing 160 cases of adverse reaction and neurotoxicity following DPT vaccination. In 65 of those cases, reactions to DPT shots included convulsions, hyperactivity and severe mental defect. In a stern statement, Stuart says, 'it seems likely that most adverse reactions are unreported and/or overlooked.'
1977 The British government conducts the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) which tests the connection between vaccinations and neurological disease.
1977 (Mar) Jonas and Darrell Salk warn live virus vaccines produce same disease.
1978 According to Charlotte Parker of the University of Texas Department of Microbiology, the nature of the organism Bordetella Pertussis means that different lots of vaccine made from the same strains sometimes show different properties.
1978 In the United States, the FDA finances and conducts a study at UCLA from January 1, 1978 to December 15, 1979 called 'Pertussis Vaccine Project: Rates, Nature and Etiology of Adverse Reactions Associated with DPT Vaccine'. The results of the study were published in Pediatrics in November.
1978 In England, Griffith studies pertussis vaccine reactions in children, noting a case in which a boy experiences brain damage 3 days after vaccination and dies 27 days later due to injection of triple vaccine.
1981 The unpublished contractors 'Final Report' was submitted to the FDA on March 18, 1980 (a year earlier) and contained revealing data. The study found a higher incidence of adverse reactions to the DPT shot than any previously reported in literature. After the study had run nine months, the FDA convened a Pertussis Symposium, at which it was revealed that 'the most striking finding in this preliminary analysis is the high frequency of persistent crying, episodes of convulsions and collapse following DPT immunization.' Because of these findings, the study was curtailed from the planned examination of 50,000 vaccinations to only 17,000. The UCLA FDA study also found that systemic reactions in the central nervous system were present in 50% of the vaccinations. Because of this potentially damaging information, the FDA placed an arbitrary time limit of 48 hours within which reactions had to occur, despite ongoing data which indicates that serious reactions occur after that time
limit, in order to limit the statistical data and conceal the extent of the problem from the population. (See 1981).
In 1988, an FDA-sponsored follow-up study of the '18' children with neurological reactions concluded 'no significant neurological impairment.'
A 1988 re-examination of those same children by an independent researcher, pediatric neurologist Ronald Gabriel, not associated with the FDA, proved that the FDA lied--only 4 of the 18 were normal. The results were presented at a May 1980 meeting of the Institute of Medicine. Results indicate that encephalopathy is followed by subtle learning, behavioral and neurological problems. (Note: See the book Vaccination, Social Violence and Criminality: the Medical Assault on the American Brain, by Harris Coulter,1990. The FDA is continuously involved in criminal conspiracy and racketeering along with pharmaceutical and chemical companies in the United States.)
1978 Trials of Hepatitis B vaccine in New York City on non-monogamous males between 20 and 40 years old. Homosexuals receive a different vaccine.
1979 Two pediatricians in California report brain swelling associated with DPT vaccine administration.
1979 New rubella vaccine introduced. See 1988.
1979 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) funds a study which represents the first significant 'attempt' to evaluate reactions to the DPT shot. The study is conducted at the University of California (UCLA) and was published in Pediatrics in
1981. After studying 16,000 DPT and DT vaccination cases, they concluded that the Pertussis (P) element of the DPT shot was the element causing reactions. They also found that the incidence of all DPT reactions was much higher in the population than had been suspected or reported in the scientific literature. Despite these results, even in 1994 physicians promote Pertussis vaccine with confidence, pay little attention to identification of high risk children, and do not carefully observe contraindications. Parents are legally required to vaccinate their children with Pertussis before entering them in school. (See 1982)
1980 Estimated 2 million American children with vaccine-caused disabilities.
1981 At the headquarters of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the director of the OSHA office of carcinogenic identification, Dr. Peter Infante, pointed out that a Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) on formaldehyde was 'an important document assessing formaldehyde's cancer causing potential'. The top bureaucracy at OSHA were embarrassed at the release of the truth, and tried to dismiss Infante. On July 27th, Infante writes Dr. John Higginson, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), disagreeing with the IARC decision to conceal the carcinogenic nature of the substance. Formaldehyde is a common component of vaccines.
1981 Britain conducts the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study, and finds that there exists a significant correlation between serious neurological illness and Pertussis vaccination occurring within 7 days of the shot. In the US, the FDA limits statistical data to 48 hours in order to conceal damaging data and eliminate data on deaths and damage occurring after that period of time.
1981 Japan begins use of a new childhood Pertussis vaccine, recommended to be given as 4th and 5th dose. US vaccine used for 1st,2nd,3rd doses. 1981 In Britain, Dr. D.L. Miller reports to the NCES on an analysis of the first 1,000 cases of neurological illness. He reported 'a significant association was shown between serious neurological illness and Pertussis (also DPT) vaccine.'
1981 New England Journal of Medicine (11/26/81) publishes a study showing that tetanus vaccines cause T-cell ratios to drop below normal, with the greatest decrease after two weeks. The altered ratios were found to be similar to those found in AIDS victims.
1982 A reporter at WRC-TV in Washington, DC breaks a story on Pertussis vaccine reactions in the documentary 'DPT: Vaccine Roulette', which generally informs the American public that their children are at risk from Pertussis vaccinations. (See 1988)
1982 Homosexuals in Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Los Angeles and San Francisco get Hepatitis B vaccine.
1983 Bellman, Ross and Miller publish a study of 269 cases of infantile spasms which returns to the establishment position that 'DPT vaccines do not cause infantile spasms, but may trigger their onset in those children in whom the disorder is 'destined to develop'. (Note: Using this logic, if one can)
1983 Stanford University Study on Pertussis Vaccine. Lawrence Steinman and colleagues at Stanford University School of Medicine perform a study which reveals that children with allergies may overreact to Pertussis vaccine.
1984 - The 1984 Connaught Laboratory package insert for DPT vaccine cites a 1978 Scandinavian study linking the vaccine to the development of hemolytic anemia and warns that this is a contraindication. By 1991, they would remove this warning from their package inserts in order to conceal this data. This kind of anemia is typified by weakness and periodic loss of consciousness.
1984 A complaint was filed by a group of US physicians with the UN Center for Human Rights in Geneva, entitled 'A Complaint Against Medical Tyranny As Practiced in the United States of America: American Medical Genocide'; the existence of the report was suppressed by the Bush Administration and the media. Reprinted in The Leading Edge in Oct/Nov 1994.
1984 Shaywitz Study at Yale Medical School Pediatrics revealed that 'minimal brain damage is perhaps the most common and time-consuming problem in current pediatric practice.'
1984 Wyeth Laboratories package insert for DPT vaccine states, 'The occurrence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has been reported following administration of DTP vaccine' and that 'approximately 85% of SIDS cases occur in the period 1 through 6 months of age, with the peak incidence at age 2 to 4 months.'
Two years later in 1986, the Wyeth insert stated, 'SIDS has occurred in infants following administration of DPT' but went on to state that 'one study showed that there was no causal connection'. (Note: One wonders who paid for and did that specific study.)
1984 CDC acknowledges that 60% of those receiving hepatitis vaccine are HIV +.
1985 Tests developed to detect simian viruses in vaccines.
1985 The Assistant Secretary of Health, Edward Brandt, Jr., M.D, testifies before a Senate Committee, 'every year 35,000 children suffer neurological complications because of DPT vaccine.' (May 3, 1985).
1985 Hemophilus Influenza type B (HIB) vaccine approved for general use in US. The HIB vaccine is often referred to as the 'meningitis' vaccine, but meningitis has several causes.
1986 150 lawsuits pending against DPT vaccine makers.
1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. Administered by the US Claims Court in Washington, DC, which does recognize an association between the DPT shot and infantile spasms. The court awarded $2 million to a body in 1989 relative to a reaction to DPT vaccine.
1986 National Health Survey finds that between 1969 and 1981, the prevalence of 'activity-limiting chronic conditions' in children increased by 44%, from 2.9 million children to 3.8 million children. Almost all of the increase happened between 1969 and 1975. Most of these conditions are readily associated with post-encephalitic syndrome. Childhood respiratory disease during this period increased 47%, childhood asthma increased 65% (with deaths from asthma increasing), mental and nervous system disorders increased 80%, personality and other non-psychotic disorders (behavior disorders, drug abuse and hyperactivity) increased 300%, diseases of the eyes and ears (especially otitis media) rose 120%, and cases of hearing loss in the ears rose 129%. All of these increases were identical in both high and low income groups. For the same period of time, levels of disease not associated with vaccine damage remained unchanged.
1986 Connaught Laboratory, manufacturer of DPT vaccine, changes the product info sheet to warn against 'allergies' and 'anaphylactic sensitivity'.
1986 Connaught Laboratories package insert for their DPT vaccine reads 'some data suggests that fever is more likely to happen in those who have had local reactions, and that local reactions are more likely to occur with increasing numbers of doses of DPT.'
1987 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) releases a study indicating that the Hib vaccine shows an efficacy (effectiveness) rate of 41%. Children were found to be 5 times more likely to contract the disease than those not vaccinated.
1987 66 Japanese victims of Pertussis vaccine receive huge damage awards from the Japanese government.
1988 Lederle Laboratories package insert for DPT vaccine reads 'Pertussis vaccine has been associated with a greater proportion of adverse reactions than many other childhood vaccinations. Local reactions are common after administration of DTP, occurring in 35-50% of recipients. Febrile [feverish] reactions are more likely to occur in those who have experienced such responses after prior doses.'
1988 Two scientific studies find that new rubella vaccine introduced in 1979 was found to be the cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Epstein-Barr virus), an immune disorder first reported in 1982.
1988 Robert S. Mendelsohn M.D, publishes material indicating that Dr. John Seal of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease believes that 'any and all flu vaccines are capable of causing Guillain-Barre.'
1988 New 'conjugated' [joined together] HIB vaccine approved for use in children at least 18 months old in the United States. HIB = Hemophilus Influenza Type B.
1990 Health Consciousness magazine features article entitled 'Live Virus Vaccines and Genetic Mutation' by H.E.Buttram, M.D, in which it is determined that 'the physical invasion of the human body by foreign genetic material may have the immediate effect of permanently weakening the immune system, setting in motion a new era of autoimmune diseases.'
1990 The US Public Health Service Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics considers high-pitched screaming after a Pertussis (DPT) vaccination an absolute contraindication to further Pertussis vaccine.
1990 Pediatric neurologist Dr. John H. Menkes, professor emeritus at UCLA, reports on 46 children experiencing neurological adverse reaction within 72 hours of a DPT shot. Over 87% of the children reacted with a seizure, 2 children died and most surviving children became retarded, with 72% having uncontrollable seizure disorders. Menkes conclude, 'Pertussis vaccine encephalopathy (brain damage) is not a myth but rather a serious complication of immunization.'
1990 U.S. Claims Court, as of October 31, 1990, indicates that 'several thousand claims for compensation from injuries or death caused by vaccines have already been filed.' National Vaccine Information Center.
1990 Estimated 3 million in US with vaccine-caused disabilities.
1990 In December of 1990, a federal regulation was adopted permitting the FDA to circumvent US and International laws forbidding medical experimentation on unwilling subjects. This regulation permits the FDA to inject American military with unapproved experimental drugs or vaccines without informed consent. The FDA merely needs to deem it 'not feasible' to obtain the soldiers permission. See Health Letter, Washington, DC. Public Citizens Health Research Group '400,000 Human Guinea Pigs in the Persian Gulf', Feb 12, 1991. See 1991 Gulf War Entry.
1991 Operation Desert Storm. Bush stops war after 100 hours at preserve Iraq as a threat. American troops are given experimental vaccines against biological agents. Within months thousands of troops sicken with the acids that cause cancer. Disease deemed 'Gulf War Syndrome'. Government denies responsibility. Over 8,000 troops were vaccinated with Botulism, over 150,000 troops were given anthrax vaccine, and all 500,000 troops were given Pyristigimine, an experimental nerve agent. All drugs were experimental.
1991 New York Times, Mar 17th, 1991 'US Vaccine Plan Uses Welfare Offices' indicates the Federal government has considered denying welfare and nutritional benefits to families who refuse vaccinations.
1991 The US Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) drafts new guidelines which eliminate most contraindications to Pertussis vaccine. Essentially, this results in a denial or cover-up of most reactions on the grounds that 'there is no proof the vaccine causes brain ' They base their position on several studies financed by vaccine manufacturers conducted in the late 1980's by vaccine policymakers such as Dr. James Cherry and Dr. Edward Mortimer, who sit on the ACIP Committee and are also paid consultants to US Pertussis vaccine manufacturers, resulting in biased and flawed studies in order to prove 'no cause and effect' between the Pertussis vaccine and permanent brain damage. US vaccine policymakers are the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics. All this, despite decades of experience indicating the opposite conclusion. (Note: This policy constitutes criminal neglect, racketeering and conspiracy!).
1991 The 'conjugated' HIB vaccine introduced in 1988 is extended for use in infants as young as two months. It becomes mandated in 44 states in the US.
--The Olympian, Nov 23, 1994. Pertussis also can cause Sudden Infant Death.
1991 The CDC begins the process of mandating Hepatitis B vaccinations for all infants in the United States. Many infants receive multiple doses from birth.
1992 Lancet, Journal of the British Medical Association, reports (3/7/92) that the oral polio vaccine used in the mid 1970's to treat recurrent herpes was contaminated with a number of potentially dangerous retroviruses, and may have seeded HIV among Americans'.
1992 Article in the Washington Post, Nov 2, 'On Vaccinating Safely' and Dec 14th press release by the National Vaccine Information Center indicate release by the FDA of a report acknowledging more than 17,000 adverse events-- including more than 350 deaths--following vaccination, all in a 20 month period ending July 31,
1992. Reported events number far less than actual events, so number is actually larger, perhaps 170,000 or more. 1992 From 1988 to 1992, over $249 million has already been awarded due to hundreds of deaths and injuries caused by mandated vaccines. Thousands of cases are still pending. The permanent injuries from vaccines include, but are not limited to, learning disabilities, seizure disorders, mental retardation, and paralysis. Many of the awards for pertussis vaccine deaths were initially (and wrongfully) misclassified as Sudden Death Syndrome (SIDS).
1992 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that 87% of all cases of polio in the United States between 1973 and 1983 were caused by the vaccine. The CDC also said that every case from 1980 to 1989 was caused by vaccine.
1993 Clinton administration announces plans for a National Childhood Vaccination Program. 103rd Congress introduces S732,S733,HR1460, legislation that would attempt to vaccine all children in the United States, while severely limiting exemptions parents could claim. The bills also seek to set up a national vaccine registry to track down parents who resist.
1993 Seattle Times reports that all polio in the US is caused by vaccines. (6/10/93).
1993 The US Army directs Walter Reed Army Institute of Research to sign an agreement with MicroGeneSys in Meridan, Connecticut for a 'large scale clinical evaluation' of an AIDS vaccine designed to block destruction of the immune system. The VaxSyn vaccine uses a genetically engineered protein that matches a protein called (gp160) that covers the surface of the HIV virus. (Note: That the HIV virus is harmless and does not 'cause AIDS' is known, illustrating that the military is in on the AIDS scam). See Duesberg material.
1994 Researchers at the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology use genetic engineering to alter a Polio virus (Sabin type) to allow it to carry two key genes from the HIV virus, plus proteins from both cholera bacteria and influenza virus, in a misguided attempt to create an 'AIDS vaccine' by induction of immune reaction to foreign proteins. (San Francisco Chronicle 9/2/94)
1994 Sweden reports the testing of a 'new safer Pertussis vaccine' to combat whooping cough (what is now a relatively mild disease). According to an article in The Olympian, Olympia, Washington, it 'could be available in the United States, according to federal health officials.' According to the article 'the vaccine could mean the end of rare, severe side effects associated with the Pertussis/whooping cough vaccine.' (Note: On the contrary, the evidence proves the Pertussis organism found in Pertussis 'vaccine', whether bred in live tissue ('live' virus) or dead tissue ('killed virus'), causes brain damage and other pathology in humans).
1889 Protégé's of Louis Pasteur, Emile Rouz & Alexandre Yersin grew a broth thick with diphtheria bacteria and used compressed air to force the broth through a filter of unglazed porcelain.
NO bacteria or solids could pass through the porcelain - only liquid.
They then sterilized the liquid.
They took the sterilized liquid of diphtheria toxin and injected into animals.
The liquid killed the animals not the bacteria!
According to Dr. Young, this early scientific test showed that a liquid toxic acid kills,not a bacteria or fungi. The major contributors to an acidic body that leads to irritation, inflammation, induration, ulceration and degeneration are as follows:
1) Nitric, sulphuric, phosphoric and uric acids from animal proteins including eggs.
2) Lactic acids from dairy products.
3) All sugars including herbal sugars which are all acids including glucose and ethanol alcohol.
4) Vinegar which is diluted acetylaldehyde an acid that destroys brain cells.
5) All mushrooms and algae which breakdown dead bodies.
6) Peanuts and corn which produce exotoxins and mycotoxins.
7) All fermented foods including soy sauce.
8) Antibiotics which are mycotoxins.
9) Antifungals which are stronger mycotoxins.
10) All vaccinations which are full of exotoxins and mycotoxins.
1994 Dr. Robert O. Young discovers the pH factor in triggering biological transformation of the red blood cells into bacteria and yeast.
1994 Dr. Robert O. Young discovers that there is only one sickness and one disease and that is the over-acidification of the blood and tissues due to an inverted way of living eating and thinking.
1994 to the present the increase of Autism is at epidemic proportions - 1 in 90 boys and 1 in 150 girls are affected. Dr. Young has suggested that this is a result of congestion of the bowels from eating animal proteins and dairy as well as vaccinations and antibiotics that destroys the root system or intestinal villi of the small intestine - the focal point where new blood is produced.
1994 to the present the increase of breast cancers is now 1 in 3 and the increase of prostate cancers in men is now 1 in 2. Dr. Young has suggested that this is a result of antibiotic and anti-fugal use, vaccination and an acidic lifestyle and diet.
2008 A formal investigation has been launched by French authorities against two managers from drug companies GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi Pasteur. A second investigation for manslaughter has also been opened against Sanofi Pasteur MSD.
The investigations are in response to allegations that the companies failed to fully disclose side effects from an anti-hepatitis B drug used between 1994 and 1998.
During this time, close to two-thirds of the French population, and almost all newborn babies, received a hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccination campaign was halted after concerns rose over the shot's side effects.
Thirty plaintiffs, including the families of five people who died after the vaccination, have launched a civil action in the case against the drug companies. Source: Reuters February 1, 2008
For more information on viruses, bacteria, yeast and vaccines read Sick and Tired, Reclaim Your Inner Terrain, or A Second Thought About Viruses, Vaccines and the HIV AIDS Hypothesis, both by Dr. Robert O. Young.
I would also recommend reading Antione BeChamp's books, The Blood The Third Anatomical Element and The Origin of Organic Beings.
Dr. Young has stated that the use of vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals will only poison the body leading to the one sickness and one disease - latent tissue acidosis and then death.
All vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals are the acids of morbid fermentation of plant, animal and human matter and when ingested or injected, it only proves that you can poison the body and then hopefully live through it.
The day will soon come when scientists will proclaim that the use of vaccinations, antibiotics and antifungals were and are harmful to the human body and should not be used under ANY circumstances.
In the words of Thomas Edison, 'The Doctor of the Future will give no medicine, but will involve the patient in the proper use of food, fresh air, and exercise.'
The future that Thomas Edison speaks is here and now! Read on to understand and to see for yourself the course we have been walking for the last several centuries and how things must change before it is to late.
1798 General vaccine programs against cowpox instituted in the US.
1801 First widespread experimentation with vaccines begins.
1802 The British government gives Edward Jenner £10,000 for continued
experimentation with 'smallpox vaccine.' The paradigm that vaccines
provide 'lifetime immunity' is abandoned, and the concept of 'revaccination' is
sanctioned.
1822 The British government advances Edward Jenner another £20,000 for
'smallpox vaccine' experimentation. Jenner suppresses reports which
indicate his concept is causing more death than saving lives.
1844 Fredrich Loeffler isolated the diphtheria bacillus from the throats of patients.
1881 Sternberg in his own lab isolated the pneumococcus
1882 Robert Koch isolates the tubercle bacillus
1883 Robert Koch isolates the cholera bacillus.
1883 Max Von Pettenkofer suggested that Koch's bacteria were only one of the many factors in the causation of cholera. He prepared test tubes thick with lethal cholera bacteria and he and several of his students drank them down with no side affects.
1888 Bacteriological Institute opens in Paris for experimentation with animals and production of vaccines and sera. Other institutes open around the world modeled after the Paris Institute.
1888 Bacteriological Institute in Odessa, Russia tries its hand at a vaccine for anthrax. Over 4500 sheep are vaccinated; 3,700 of them die from the vaccination.
1909 New York Press, January 26, 1909 publishes a report by W.B. Clark which states, 'cancer was practically unknown until cowpox vaccination began to be introduced. I have seen 200 cases of cancer, and I never saw a case of cancer in an unvaccinated person.' Scientific evidence begins to mount that where human lymph is employed in a vaccine, syphilis, leprosy and TB soon follow. Where calf lymph is employed in the creation of a vaccine, TB and cancer soon follow. (Cancer and Vaccination by Esculapius).
1911 The head of French Public Health for the French Army said that germs alone were 'powerless to create an epidemic.'
1912 First whooping cough (Pertussis) vaccine created by two French bacteriologists, Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, who wanted to use it in Tunisia. After they grew Pertussis bacteria in large pots, they killed it with heat, mixed it with formaldehyde (used to embalm bodies) and injected it into children.
'Vaccinations, Not a Virus, Is Responsible for Spanish Flu - 1918'
Dr. Robert O. Young
1933 a British science team to identify the first filterable bacteria in man, yet propaganda says that the virus of Spanish flu killed millions of civilians and soldiers during the pandemic from 1918 to 1920.
Many would have us believe that all those American soldiers who died from non-combatant causes died from Spanish flu. However, U.S. Army records show that seven men died after being vaccinated.
A report from U.S. Secretary of War Henry L Stimson, the deaths were not only verified but also there had been 63 deaths and 28,585 cases of hepatitis reported as a direct result of yellow fever vaccination during only six months of the war. Plus, the yellow fever vaccination was only one of the 14 to 25 shots given to recruits.
1911 vaccinations became a requirement in the U.S. Army. Cases of typhoid and vaccinal diseases increased rapidly, according to Army records.
1917 The death rate from typhoid reached the highest point in the history of the U.S. Army after America entered the war.
In 1917, 19,608 men were admitted into army hospitals due to antityphoid inoculation and vaccinia, according to a report of the Surgeon-General of the U.S. Army; and this doesn't take into account others whose symptoms were attributed to other causes.
The army doctors knew all these cases of disease and death were due to vaccination and were honest enough to admit it in their medical reports. Army doctors tried to suppress the symptoms of typhoid with a stronger vaccine, however it caused a worse form of typhoid, paratyphoid. They then concocted an even stronger vaccine to suppress the previous one and created an even worse disease--Spanish flu.
After the war, this was one of the vaccines used to protect a panic-stricken world from the soldiers returning from WWI battle fronts infected with dangerous diseases.
The rest is history.
1918 Great influenza epidemic attributed to widespread use of vaccines that killed up to 100 million people.
1921 BCG tuberculosis vaccine developed.
1922 A study by Samuel Torrey Orton connects emotional disturbance with neurological problems. This insight was lost after World War II when psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis became popular, breaking the connection. The emotional disturbances caused by vaccines then became financial fodder for the new psych-industries. With the causes suppressed, a new industry was born.
1925 Danish researcher Thorvald Madsen tries a modified Pertussis vaccine during an epidemic in the Faroc Islands. It did not prevent Pertussis. (See 1933).
1925 General vaccine programs against tuberculosis began in the United States.
1927 British government appoints a committee to inquire into 'vaccine lymph', as it is noticed that the 'glycerinated calf lymph' used in vaccinations causes deaths from 'sleepy sickness'. Two London professors bring notice of the problem to the government in 1922. It takes 5 years before the government responds.
1930 Max Theiler develops a yellow fever vaccine.
1931 Roosevelt endorses polio 'immune serum', precursor to vaccines in 1950's.
1932 Diptheria vaccines injure 171 and kill 1 in Charolles, France.
1933 Danish researcher Thorvald Madsen discovers the Pertussis vaccines ability to kill infants without warning (SID). He reports that two babies vaccinated immediately after birth died in a few minutes.
1933 American researchers report that children react to Pertussis vaccine with fever, convulsions and collapse.
1936 Pertussis vaccine introduced in the United States. Autism begins to appear in children shortly thereafter.
1936 Diptheria vaccine injures 75 in France.
1943 American vaccine researcher Pearl Kendrick reports that adding a metallic salt seemed to heighten the capacity of the Pertussis vaccine to produce anti-bodies. (Metal salt is an 'adjuvant' in this way). Some metallic salts used are those of aluminum (alum). Pearl Kendrick is the researcher that urged that Pertussis vaccine be combined with Diptheria vaccine. Later the Tetanus vaccine was added, producing the nefarious DPT Vaccine.
1943 General vaccine program against influenza begins in the US.
1944 Health Practitioners Journal, June 1944, reports Dr. S.S. Goldwater, the New York Commissioner of Hospitals states 'as a result of the drugs, vaccines and other suppressive treatments used to check diseases, chronic diseases are growing at such a rate that America may become a nation of invalids.'
1945 Japan surrenders twice, followed by US bombing of Hiroshima/Nagasaki and a third and final surrender. The Allies mandate compulsory vaccination in Japan. The first cases of autism follow pertussis vaccine introduction.
1946 US Government Pertussis vaccine expert Margaret Pittman and FDA's Charles Kendrick decide to test Pertussis vaccine by injecting it into the brains of mice and see how many survive.
1946 Werne and Garrow describe the deaths of identical twins within 24 hours of their second Pertussis shot.
1947 Matthew Brody at the Brooklyn Hospital gives detailed descriptions of two cases of brain damage leading to death in children receiving Pertussis shots.
1947 Charles Posner of the Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology writes, 'almost any vaccination can lead to noninfectious inflammatory reaction involving the nervous system. The common denominator consists of vasculopathy that is often associated with demyelination.' (demyelination is the stripping of the insulation away from the nerves).
1947 The British Medical Research Council begins testing 50,000 children in Britain with the Pertussis vaccine. All children tested are more than 14 months old (not newborns). Eight infants had convulsions within 72 hours of the shot, 34 had convulsions within 28 days of the shot. British doctors denied a connection between the vaccine and the convulsions, declaring the tests a success and began administering it to all British children.
Despite the fact that none of the tests were conducted on children under 14 months old (newborns & babies), the United States holds the tests in evidence that the vaccine is safe for newborns as young as 6 weeks of age. The testing would continue until 1957.
1948 Randolph K. Byers and Frederick C. Moll of the Harvard Medical School publish an article describing children who had suffered brain damage after receiving Pertussis vaccine. The findings provided the first clear evidence that the vaccine caused the serious neurological complications in children.
1948 Randolph Byes and Frederick Moll of Harvard Medical School validate that severe neurological disorders follow the administration of DPT vaccine. The research was performed at Children's Hospital in Boston and published in Pediatrics magazine. Nothing was done by physicians to halt the use of DPT vaccine.
1948 A study on Pertussis vaccine reaction is done by Randolph K. Byers and Frederick C. Moll of the Harvard Medical School. They examine 15 children who had reacted violently within 72 hours of a Pertussis vaccination. All the children were normal before the shot. None had ever had a convulsion before. One of the children became blind, deaf, spastic and helpless after being given the Pertussis shot. Out of the 15 children, 2 died and 9 suffered from damage to their nervous system. Physicians were displeased by these results.
1948 England bans smallpox vaccine.
1948 North Carolina polio cases number 2,498. See 1949.
1948 Louis Sauer makes an interesting observation at an AMA meeting where Pertussis vaccination was discussed. Louis Sauer points out that 'the neurological damage caused by Pertussis vaccine is the same as the damage caused by Pertussis (whooping cough -- Which is logical, because they use the bacteria in the vaccine). According to Sauer, 'a customary prophylactic dose of Pertussis vaccine seems to illicit a chain of nervous system reactions and in some cases irreversible pathological changes in the brain. These findings resemble those encountered in cases of severe whooping cough (Pertussis).' In other words, the vaccine is causing the disease condition.
1949 US Public Health Service Division of Biologics Standards establish a national potency test for Pertussis vaccine, and modify it in 1953 to establish potency limits. Despite this, the Pertussis vaccine that is pronounced 'safe' still causes minimal brain damage (MBD) in humans.
1951 Theiler wins Nobel for work on yellow fever vaccine.
1952 Formulation of the polio vaccine begins. Tens of millions of doses of polio vaccines produced from virus grown in monkey cells infected with SV-40 (Simian Virus #40). Scientists 'perform experiments in laboratories to determine the correct doses of antigen and supplementary chemicals to use in the polio vaccine. (Ironically, since the scientific premise of vaccination is faulty, a 'correct dose of antigen and chemicals' does not exist).
1953 At the University of Zurich, Dr. S.Kong of the Pediatric Clinic compiles a list of 82 cases of Pertussis vaccine damage from world literature.
1953 The Swedish conduct a study on the Pertussis vaccine. Anna L. Annell, a Swedish researcher, writes a major work on Pertussis which indicates that 'pertussis vaccine may be associated with the most varying kinds of cerebral complications which may be cortical, subcortical or peripheral.'
Encephalitis after vaccination is known to produce the same range of disabilities and impairment. Annel also wrote, 'during the past few decades certain of the epidemic children's disease, measles in particular, have shown an increased tendency to attack the central nervous system. After the 1920's a large number of cases involving CNS damage were reported.
1954 Salk vaccine begins to be given to school children in Philadelphia.
1954 Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company combines the DPT shot with Polio vaccine. The new combination of four vaccines is called Quadrigen. (See 1959).
1954 Reward of $30,000 offered to anyone who proves polio vaccine not a fraud. Not one person was able to claim the reward.
1954 Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, allows a press photo to be taken during a ceremony declaring Salk vaccine safe.
1954 Polio rate caused by the vaccine accelerates ten-fold in Massachusetts.
1954 Eli Lilly company begins renovation of a five-story building in Indianapolis in July 1954 for the production of Salk vaccine. It is in full production by October of
1954. Wyeth, Parke-Davis and others follow suit.
1954 A study on 'neurologic sequelae of prophylactic innoculation' summarized state-of-the-art knowledge in noting that the common factor in the pathologyof encephalitis from vaccination is 'anaphlactic hypersensitivity'.
1955 Georgia State public health officers meet in Atlanta (May 1955) to discuss
what was going wrong with the Salk vaccine program. A U.S. Public Health scientist at the meeting told the group that 'he was not permitted to disclose what had happened because it would jeopardize the investment of the pharmaceutical firms in the vaccine program.'
1955 Measles death rate has naturally declined, without vaccines, to .03 per 100,000 by 1955.
1955 At the University of Illinois School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Niels Low shows that the EEG of infants is sometimes altered by a DPT shot,concluding that significant cerebral reactions and neurological changes occur.
1955 American Cancer Society advertising circular states 'cancer will strike one of every four persons now living. More children from 3 to 15 years of age die of cancer than from any other disease.' (50 years before, cancer was unheard of in children). According to the ACS, they are predicting 6.4 million deaths from cancer, compared with 128,000 in 1933--an increase of 6.2 million cases in 22 years. Vaccination, pesticide use and chemical pollution are the main factors that have increased since 1933.
1955 Despite the sky rocketing cases of vaccine-induced polio, the AMA, NFIP and USPHS claim a reduction of 40-50%.
1955 Idaho brings its Salk vaccination program to a halt on July 1, 1955.
Utah does the same on July 12, 1955.
1955 Boston Herald newspaper reports on April 18, 1955, features an article entitled 'Drug Companies Expecting Big Profit on Salk Vaccine', which stated. 'A spokesman for Parke-Davis, which made 50% of the Salk vaccine, said 'now that it has been declared safe, we can get back the millions we invested in the development of the Salk vaccine and make a profit out of it. Our company will made over $10 million on Salk vaccine in 1955.'
1955 Rhodes and Company, Wall Street brokers specializing in drug securities, estimate that the gross revenue of the six vaccine houses licensed to produce and sell Salk vaccine would be about $60 million, with profits of $20 million.
1955 The CIA conducts a biological warfare experiment in the Tampa Bay area in Florida with agents withdrawn from an Army CBW center. A sharp rise in whooping cough (Pertussis) cases occurs, including 12 deaths, following the test.
1955 Washington Bureau of the Detroit Free Press reports, on June 3, 1955, that 'The USPHS reported that more children who received Salk shots made by the Wyeth Labs suffered polio more than could normally be expected;'
1955 AMA Conference in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Article by James C. Spaulding who covered the conference was published in the AMA Journal, June 19,
1955, 'A policy of secrecy and deception has been followed by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and the US Public Health Service in the polio vaccine programs. The nation's physicians were prevented from learning vital information about the trouble with Salk vaccine. The US Public Health Service had an advisory group made up almost entirely of scientists who were receiving money from the National Foundation of Infantile Paralysis, which was exerting pressure to go ahead with the program even after Salk vaccine was found to be dangerous.' Spaulding further said, 'the Infantile Paralysis Foundation kept secret the fact that live virus was detected in four out of six supposedly 'finished and safe' lots of vaccine.'
1955 Salk Polio Vaccine again used in the US. Cases of polio skyrocket again in the United States.
1955 Reported that doctors on the staff of the National Institutes for Health are avoiding vaccination of their children with the Salk vaccine, and that after experimenting with 1200 monkeys, they declared the Salk vaccine worthless as a preventative and a danger to take.
1955 First vaccinated generation become adolescents.
1955 Massachusetts reports 642% increase in polio since vaccinations began in 1954 with vaccination of 130,000 children. In response, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis states that the increase in cases was due to the fact that 'no children were vaccinated there.'
1955 Massachusetts bans the sale of Salk vaccine.'
1955 Dr. Graham W. Wilson, director of Britain's Public Health Laboratory Service, who knew about the NIH Salk vaccine trials, says 'I do not see how any vaccine prepared by Salk's method can be guaranteed safe.'
1955 US Surgeon General Scheele admits in a closed session of the AMA that 'Salk polio vaccine is hard to make and no batch can be proven safe before given to children'. Despite this fact, the public is told that the vaccine is safe. The government announces that it has the intention to vaccinate 57 million people before August 1955.
1955 Surgeon General Scheele (who never practiced medicine a day in his life!) goes on public radio saying 'I have complete confidence in the Salk vaccine. I urge doctors to continue vaccinations.'
1956 Seventeen states in the United States reject their government-supplied Salk polio vaccine.
1956 US government appropriates $53.6 million to 'aid states in providing free vaccine to people under 20 years of age'.
1956 Idaho health director Peterson states that polio only struck vaccinated children in areas where there had been no cases of polio since the preceding autumn. In 90% of the cases, the paralysis occurred in the arm in which the vaccine had been injected.
1956 American Public Health Service announces 168 cases of polio and 6 deaths among those vaccinated. Censorship is then imposed on the reporting of reactions to Salk vaccine.
1956 Oral polio vaccine developed further by Sabin.
1956 The US Public Health Service and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (Rockefeller) put on a drive to 'sell' Salk polio vaccine to the public.
1957 Governor Knight of California asks the legislature for $3 million in order to insure vaccination for all those under 40 years old with Salk polio vaccine. The newspapers report that corporate profits from the Salk vaccine will be in excess of $5 billion. (Feb 6, 1957). Governor Knight notes there are 4 million Californians under 40 and signs the bill.
1957 Pertussis vaccination programs exist in all industrialized nations, with the US leading the way. The vaccine is promoted as 'risk free'.
1957 Scientists isolate a series of Simian (monkey) viruses and discover that these same viruses contaminate polio vaccines. SV-40 found in both Sabin and Salk polio vaccines. (made since early '50s), Information not made public. The same vaccines continued to be used until the early 1960's.
1958 World literature now contains 107 cases of severe reaction to Pertussis vaccine (93 of those cases were in the US). At the Fountain Hospital in London, Dr. J.M. Berg analyzed the 107 cases and found that 31 of them showed signs of permanent brain damage. Berg calls attention to the danger of mental retardation as an effect of the Pertussis vaccine and emphasizes that 'any suggestion of a neurological reaction to a Pertussis vaccination should be an absolute contraindication to further inoculation.' The United States medical establishment ignores and suppresses the data. American physicians maintain that the damage caused is small compared to 'lack of 'serious' reactions in children vaccinated.' No data has ever been found to justify a basis for this conclusion.
1958 Verdict of $147,000 rendered against Cutter Laboratories in California for the crippling of two children with the Salk polio vaccine. Cutter Labs was the only vaccine manufacturer not part of the Rockefeller Trust.
1959 The United States never conducts its own clinical trials on Pertussis vaccine, but instead relies (as it still does today) on data collected by Britain's Medical Research Council in clinical trials in England in the 1950's for 'proof of vaccine safety and effectiveness in newborns and children.' Interestingly, Britain's trials on 50,000 British children were performed on children more than 14 months old. None of the children were newborns.
1959 National Institutes of Health (NIH) approves licensing of Quadrigen vaccine for children, containing Pertussis, Diptheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccines. The new combination vaccine was found to be highly reactive and was withdrawn from the market in 1968 after parents started filing lawsuits against Parke- Davis for vaccine damaged children.
1959 Pertussis vaccine found to have allergenic effect on animals.
1960 British Medical Journal publishes an article by Swedish vaccine researcher Justus Strom, who stated that the neurological complications from the disease Pertussis are less than that in the Pertussis vaccine. Strom also pointed out that 'whooping cough (Pertussis) had changed and had become a milder disease, making it questionable whether universal vaccination against it is justified.'
1960 General vaccination program for measles begins in the United States.
1960 It is estimated in 1960 that over 1,000,000 children have vaccine-caused disabilities, including learning difficulties and school behavioral problems, behavioral disturbances, allergies, speech difficulties, visual problems, and problems in adjustment and coping.
1961 A senior school medical officer in Northern England, J.M. Hooper, finds that parents are beginning to refuse to bring children for a Pertussis booster shot, based on earlier violent reaction to the 'vaccination.' Children were suffering from collapse, vomiting, and uncontrollable screaming. No one paid attention to these warnings.
1961 Sabin polio vaccine immunization campaign.
1963 American researcher John F. Enders creates a measles vaccine. Mass inoculations begin.
1963 Children vaccinated with killed measles vaccine between 1963 and 1967 develop Atypical Measles Syndrome (AMS). Studies suggest the children's reshponse to the 'wild' measles virus is 'altered' and that the severity and persistence of symptoms suggests encephalopathy (brain damage.) See 1967.
1964 Reward of $30,000 offered to prove polio vaccine was not fraud. No takers.
1965 US Government's leading Pertussis vaccine specialist, Margaret Pittman, (until 1971) states, 'Bordetella Pertussis is unique among infectious bacteria in its marked ability to modify biological processes.'
1965 Congress passes the Immunization Assistance Act. More states made their vaccination programs mandatory/obligatory.
1967 The FDA stops the use of an experimental cancer vaccine which was producing significant results. Developed by James Rand and Eernest Ayre, a recognized cancer specialist. The Rand vaccine produced significant improvement in terminal patients in over 30% of patients. It cured tumors and breast cancer in four to six months, without radiation, surgery or chemotherapy. The FDA Commissioner was James L. Goddard, the same man who persecuted the use of DMSO. Goddard used the DMSO issue in 1966 in an attempt to foster a medical dictatorship in the US in collusion with the medical and pharmaceutical industries, and remove viable treatments from public access.
1967 At the Bland-Sutton Institute of Middlesex Hospital in London, George Dick writes, 'it has been long known that increasing the number of Pertussis bacteria per dose of vaccine increases the frequency of reactions. It would be surprising if decreasing the size of the infants receiving a particular vaccine did not also increase the reactions.' A violation of a standard axiom in medicine, which matches the size and weight to an amount of substance. (Why are newborns getting the same dosage as an adult?).
1967 Dr. Vicent Fulginiti, M.D., former chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, asserts that inactivated measles vaccine should no longer be administered. See 1963.
1967 Killed measles vaccine is discontinued in the United States.
1967 General vaccination program for Mumps begins in the United States.
1967 Science magazine (10/20/67) features article on Joshua Lederberg of the Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Lederberg notifies the scientific world that 'live viruses (as in vaccines) are genetic messages used for the purpose of programming human cells' and 'we already practice biological engineering on a rather large scale by use of live viruses in mass immunization campaigns'
1970 Due to the increasingly mild nature of whooping cough (Pertussis), infant deaths cease from naturally acquired Pertussis in Sweden. Deaths associated with vaccine continue. Sweden stops Pertussis vaccination in 1970.
1970 A study by Pittman reveals Pertussis vaccine can induce hypoglycemia due to increased production of insulin. (Ref: DPT shots). Study is corroborated in 1978 by Hannick and Cohen and by Hennessen and Quast in West Germany. Result: Pertussis and DPT vaccines can cause diabetes.
1972 British Journal of Psychiatry #120 reveals that 'psychotic disorders may be caused by viral infections.' (Ref: viruses induced by vaccines).
1973 The field of genetic engineering is opened by advances in scientific research, making way for creation of recombinent micro-organisms and new viral structures in the laboratory. The U.S. military applies the technology to its chemical and biological weapons program, claiming overtly that such work is 'to develop defensive vaccines'.
1974 British researcher George Disk estimates that there are 80 cases of severe neurological complications from Pertussis vaccine annually. Over 33% of these children died and another 33% were left with brain damage. Dick maintains he is not convinced that the community benefit from the vaccine outweighs the damage.
1974 The Association of Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children is formed in Britain, & pressures the government to study adverse reactions to Pertussis vaccine.
1975 Federal Drug Administration Bureau of Biologics concludes that Diptheria toxoid (vaccine) is 'not as effective an immunizing agent as might be anticipated.' They admit that Diptheria may occur in vaccinated people, and note that 'the permanence of immunity induced by the toxoid is open to question.'
1975 Japan stops using Pertussis vaccine following publicity about vaccine-related deaths.
1976 FDA Pertussis vaccine specialist Charles Manclark comments 'Pertussis vaccine is one of the most troublesome products to produce and assay. It has one of the highest failure rates of all products submitted to the Bureau of Biologics for testing and release. Approximately 15-20% of all lots which pass manufacturer tests fail to pass the tests of the Bureau.'
1976 According to a letter from the British Association for Parents of Vaccine Damaged Children, published in the British Medical Journal of February 1976, 'two years ago we started to collect details from parents of serious reactions suffered by their children to immunizations of all kinds. In 65% of the cases referred to us, reactions followed 'triple' vaccinations. The children in this group total 182 to date. All are severely brain damaged, some are paralyzed, and 5 have died during the past 18 months. Approximately 60% of reactions (major convulsions, collapse, screaming) happened within 3 days and all within 12 days.
1976 Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the polio vaccine, says that analysis indicates that the live virus vaccine in use since the 1960's is the principle, if not sole cause of all polio cases since 1961.
1976 More than 500 people receiving flu vaccinations become paralyzed with Guilain-Barre Syndrome.
1977 A Blue Ribbon Panel is convened to investigate the reason for the drop in the general IQ of the United States. Seventy-nine theories were advanced, but none of them satisfactorily explained the drop in mental capacity of the US population. The idea that vaccines could be part of the problem was not brought up. Y.L. Warten, 1977. (The Prussian education system is also part of the problem, for those volkschuelen).
1977 The British government is pressured by the publicity following the new data about Pertussis and DPT vaccinations.
1977 The University of Glasgow in Scotland, Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Gordon Stuart, publishes a study analyzing 160 cases of adverse reaction and neurotoxicity following DPT vaccination. In 65 of those cases, reactions to DPT shots included convulsions, hyperactivity and severe mental defect. In a stern statement, Stuart says, 'it seems likely that most adverse reactions are unreported and/or overlooked.'
1977 The British government conducts the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) which tests the connection between vaccinations and neurological disease.
1977 (Mar) Jonas and Darrell Salk warn live virus vaccines produce same disease.
1978 According to Charlotte Parker of the University of Texas Department of Microbiology, the nature of the organism Bordetella Pertussis means that different lots of vaccine made from the same strains sometimes show different properties.
1978 In the United States, the FDA finances and conducts a study at UCLA from January 1, 1978 to December 15, 1979 called 'Pertussis Vaccine Project: Rates, Nature and Etiology of Adverse Reactions Associated with DPT Vaccine'. The results of the study were published in Pediatrics in November.
1978 In England, Griffith studies pertussis vaccine reactions in children, noting a case in which a boy experiences brain damage 3 days after vaccination and dies 27 days later due to injection of triple vaccine.
1981 The unpublished contractors 'Final Report' was submitted to the FDA on March 18, 1980 (a year earlier) and contained revealing data. The study found a higher incidence of adverse reactions to the DPT shot than any previously reported in literature. After the study had run nine months, the FDA convened a Pertussis Symposium, at which it was revealed that 'the most striking finding in this preliminary analysis is the high frequency of persistent crying, episodes of convulsions and collapse following DPT immunization.' Because of these findings, the study was curtailed from the planned examination of 50,000 vaccinations to only 17,000. The UCLA FDA study also found that systemic reactions in the central nervous system were present in 50% of the vaccinations. Because of this potentially damaging information, the FDA placed an arbitrary time limit of 48 hours within which reactions had to occur, despite ongoing data which indicates that serious reactions occur after that time
limit, in order to limit the statistical data and conceal the extent of the problem from the population. (See 1981).
In 1988, an FDA-sponsored follow-up study of the '18' children with neurological reactions concluded 'no significant neurological impairment.'
A 1988 re-examination of those same children by an independent researcher, pediatric neurologist Ronald Gabriel, not associated with the FDA, proved that the FDA lied--only 4 of the 18 were normal. The results were presented at a May 1980 meeting of the Institute of Medicine. Results indicate that encephalopathy is followed by subtle learning, behavioral and neurological problems. (Note: See the book Vaccination, Social Violence and Criminality: the Medical Assault on the American Brain, by Harris Coulter,1990. The FDA is continuously involved in criminal conspiracy and racketeering along with pharmaceutical and chemical companies in the United States.)
1978 Trials of Hepatitis B vaccine in New York City on non-monogamous males between 20 and 40 years old. Homosexuals receive a different vaccine.
1979 Two pediatricians in California report brain swelling associated with DPT vaccine administration.
1979 New rubella vaccine introduced. See 1988.
1979 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) funds a study which represents the first significant 'attempt' to evaluate reactions to the DPT shot. The study is conducted at the University of California (UCLA) and was published in Pediatrics in
1981. After studying 16,000 DPT and DT vaccination cases, they concluded that the Pertussis (P) element of the DPT shot was the element causing reactions. They also found that the incidence of all DPT reactions was much higher in the population than had been suspected or reported in the scientific literature. Despite these results, even in 1994 physicians promote Pertussis vaccine with confidence, pay little attention to identification of high risk children, and do not carefully observe contraindications. Parents are legally required to vaccinate their children with Pertussis before entering them in school. (See 1982)
1980 Estimated 2 million American children with vaccine-caused disabilities.
1981 At the headquarters of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the director of the OSHA office of carcinogenic identification, Dr. Peter Infante, pointed out that a Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) on formaldehyde was 'an important document assessing formaldehyde's cancer causing potential'. The top bureaucracy at OSHA were embarrassed at the release of the truth, and tried to dismiss Infante. On July 27th, Infante writes Dr. John Higginson, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), disagreeing with the IARC decision to conceal the carcinogenic nature of the substance. Formaldehyde is a common component of vaccines.
1981 Britain conducts the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study, and finds that there exists a significant correlation between serious neurological illness and Pertussis vaccination occurring within 7 days of the shot. In the US, the FDA limits statistical data to 48 hours in order to conceal damaging data and eliminate data on deaths and damage occurring after that period of time.
1981 Japan begins use of a new childhood Pertussis vaccine, recommended to be given as 4th and 5th dose. US vaccine used for 1st,2nd,3rd doses. 1981 In Britain, Dr. D.L. Miller reports to the NCES on an analysis of the first 1,000 cases of neurological illness. He reported 'a significant association was shown between serious neurological illness and Pertussis (also DPT) vaccine.'
1981 New England Journal of Medicine (11/26/81) publishes a study showing that tetanus vaccines cause T-cell ratios to drop below normal, with the greatest decrease after two weeks. The altered ratios were found to be similar to those found in AIDS victims.
1982 A reporter at WRC-TV in Washington, DC breaks a story on Pertussis vaccine reactions in the documentary 'DPT: Vaccine Roulette', which generally informs the American public that their children are at risk from Pertussis vaccinations. (See 1988)
1982 Homosexuals in Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Los Angeles and San Francisco get Hepatitis B vaccine.
1983 Bellman, Ross and Miller publish a study of 269 cases of infantile spasms which returns to the establishment position that 'DPT vaccines do not cause infantile spasms, but may trigger their onset in those children in whom the disorder is 'destined to develop'. (Note: Using this logic, if one can)
1983 Stanford University Study on Pertussis Vaccine. Lawrence Steinman and colleagues at Stanford University School of Medicine perform a study which reveals that children with allergies may overreact to Pertussis vaccine.
1984 - The 1984 Connaught Laboratory package insert for DPT vaccine cites a 1978 Scandinavian study linking the vaccine to the development of hemolytic anemia and warns that this is a contraindication. By 1991, they would remove this warning from their package inserts in order to conceal this data. This kind of anemia is typified by weakness and periodic loss of consciousness.
1984 A complaint was filed by a group of US physicians with the UN Center for Human Rights in Geneva, entitled 'A Complaint Against Medical Tyranny As Practiced in the United States of America: American Medical Genocide'; the existence of the report was suppressed by the Bush Administration and the media. Reprinted in The Leading Edge in Oct/Nov 1994.
1984 Shaywitz Study at Yale Medical School Pediatrics revealed that 'minimal brain damage is perhaps the most common and time-consuming problem in current pediatric practice.'
1984 Wyeth Laboratories package insert for DPT vaccine states, 'The occurrence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has been reported following administration of DTP vaccine' and that 'approximately 85% of SIDS cases occur in the period 1 through 6 months of age, with the peak incidence at age 2 to 4 months.'
Two years later in 1986, the Wyeth insert stated, 'SIDS has occurred in infants following administration of DPT' but went on to state that 'one study showed that there was no causal connection'. (Note: One wonders who paid for and did that specific study.)
1984 CDC acknowledges that 60% of those receiving hepatitis vaccine are HIV +.
1985 Tests developed to detect simian viruses in vaccines.
1985 The Assistant Secretary of Health, Edward Brandt, Jr., M.D, testifies before a Senate Committee, 'every year 35,000 children suffer neurological complications because of DPT vaccine.' (May 3, 1985).
1985 Hemophilus Influenza type B (HIB) vaccine approved for general use in US. The HIB vaccine is often referred to as the 'meningitis' vaccine, but meningitis has several causes.
1986 150 lawsuits pending against DPT vaccine makers.
1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. Administered by the US Claims Court in Washington, DC, which does recognize an association between the DPT shot and infantile spasms. The court awarded $2 million to a body in 1989 relative to a reaction to DPT vaccine.
1986 National Health Survey finds that between 1969 and 1981, the prevalence of 'activity-limiting chronic conditions' in children increased by 44%, from 2.9 million children to 3.8 million children. Almost all of the increase happened between 1969 and 1975. Most of these conditions are readily associated with post-encephalitic syndrome. Childhood respiratory disease during this period increased 47%, childhood asthma increased 65% (with deaths from asthma increasing), mental and nervous system disorders increased 80%, personality and other non-psychotic disorders (behavior disorders, drug abuse and hyperactivity) increased 300%, diseases of the eyes and ears (especially otitis media) rose 120%, and cases of hearing loss in the ears rose 129%. All of these increases were identical in both high and low income groups. For the same period of time, levels of disease not associated with vaccine damage remained unchanged.
1986 Connaught Laboratory, manufacturer of DPT vaccine, changes the product info sheet to warn against 'allergies' and 'anaphylactic sensitivity'.
1986 Connaught Laboratories package insert for their DPT vaccine reads 'some data suggests that fever is more likely to happen in those who have had local reactions, and that local reactions are more likely to occur with increasing numbers of doses of DPT.'
1987 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) releases a study indicating that the Hib vaccine shows an efficacy (effectiveness) rate of 41%. Children were found to be 5 times more likely to contract the disease than those not vaccinated.
1987 66 Japanese victims of Pertussis vaccine receive huge damage awards from the Japanese government.
1988 Lederle Laboratories package insert for DPT vaccine reads 'Pertussis vaccine has been associated with a greater proportion of adverse reactions than many other childhood vaccinations. Local reactions are common after administration of DTP, occurring in 35-50% of recipients. Febrile [feverish] reactions are more likely to occur in those who have experienced such responses after prior doses.'
1988 Two scientific studies find that new rubella vaccine introduced in 1979 was found to be the cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Epstein-Barr virus), an immune disorder first reported in 1982.
1988 Robert S. Mendelsohn M.D, publishes material indicating that Dr. John Seal of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease believes that 'any and all flu vaccines are capable of causing Guillain-Barre.'
1988 New 'conjugated' [joined together] HIB vaccine approved for use in children at least 18 months old in the United States. HIB = Hemophilus Influenza Type B.
1990 Health Consciousness magazine features article entitled 'Live Virus Vaccines and Genetic Mutation' by H.E.Buttram, M.D, in which it is determined that 'the physical invasion of the human body by foreign genetic material may have the immediate effect of permanently weakening the immune system, setting in motion a new era of autoimmune diseases.'
1990 The US Public Health Service Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics considers high-pitched screaming after a Pertussis (DPT) vaccination an absolute contraindication to further Pertussis vaccine.
1990 Pediatric neurologist Dr. John H. Menkes, professor emeritus at UCLA, reports on 46 children experiencing neurological adverse reaction within 72 hours of a DPT shot. Over 87% of the children reacted with a seizure, 2 children died and most surviving children became retarded, with 72% having uncontrollable seizure disorders. Menkes conclude, 'Pertussis vaccine encephalopathy (brain damage) is not a myth but rather a serious complication of immunization.'
1990 U.S. Claims Court, as of October 31, 1990, indicates that 'several thousand claims for compensation from injuries or death caused by vaccines have already been filed.' National Vaccine Information Center.
1990 Estimated 3 million in US with vaccine-caused disabilities.
1990 In December of 1990, a federal regulation was adopted permitting the FDA to circumvent US and International laws forbidding medical experimentation on unwilling subjects. This regulation permits the FDA to inject American military with unapproved experimental drugs or vaccines without informed consent. The FDA merely needs to deem it 'not feasible' to obtain the soldiers permission. See Health Letter, Washington, DC. Public Citizens Health Research Group '400,000 Human Guinea Pigs in the Persian Gulf', Feb 12, 1991. See 1991 Gulf War Entry.
1991 Operation Desert Storm. Bush stops war after 100 hours at preserve Iraq as a threat. American troops are given experimental vaccines against biological agents. Within months thousands of troops sicken with the acids that cause cancer. Disease deemed 'Gulf War Syndrome'. Government denies responsibility. Over 8,000 troops were vaccinated with Botulism, over 150,000 troops were given anthrax vaccine, and all 500,000 troops were given Pyristigimine, an experimental nerve agent. All drugs were experimental.
1991 New York Times, Mar 17th, 1991 'US Vaccine Plan Uses Welfare Offices' indicates the Federal government has considered denying welfare and nutritional benefits to families who refuse vaccinations.
1991 The US Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) drafts new guidelines which eliminate most contraindications to Pertussis vaccine. Essentially, this results in a denial or cover-up of most reactions on the grounds that 'there is no proof the vaccine causes brain ' They base their position on several studies financed by vaccine manufacturers conducted in the late 1980's by vaccine policymakers such as Dr. James Cherry and Dr. Edward Mortimer, who sit on the ACIP Committee and are also paid consultants to US Pertussis vaccine manufacturers, resulting in biased and flawed studies in order to prove 'no cause and effect' between the Pertussis vaccine and permanent brain damage. US vaccine policymakers are the CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics. All this, despite decades of experience indicating the opposite conclusion. (Note: This policy constitutes criminal neglect, racketeering and conspiracy!).
1991 The 'conjugated' HIB vaccine introduced in 1988 is extended for use in infants as young as two months. It becomes mandated in 44 states in the US.
--The Olympian, Nov 23, 1994. Pertussis also can cause Sudden Infant Death.
1991 The CDC begins the process of mandating Hepatitis B vaccinations for all infants in the United States. Many infants receive multiple doses from birth.
1992 Lancet, Journal of the British Medical Association, reports (3/7/92) that the oral polio vaccine used in the mid 1970's to treat recurrent herpes was contaminated with a number of potentially dangerous retroviruses, and may have seeded HIV among Americans'.
1992 Article in the Washington Post, Nov 2, 'On Vaccinating Safely' and Dec 14th press release by the National Vaccine Information Center indicate release by the FDA of a report acknowledging more than 17,000 adverse events-- including more than 350 deaths--following vaccination, all in a 20 month period ending July 31,
1992. Reported events number far less than actual events, so number is actually larger, perhaps 170,000 or more. 1992 From 1988 to 1992, over $249 million has already been awarded due to hundreds of deaths and injuries caused by mandated vaccines. Thousands of cases are still pending. The permanent injuries from vaccines include, but are not limited to, learning disabilities, seizure disorders, mental retardation, and paralysis. Many of the awards for pertussis vaccine deaths were initially (and wrongfully) misclassified as Sudden Death Syndrome (SIDS).
1992 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that 87% of all cases of polio in the United States between 1973 and 1983 were caused by the vaccine. The CDC also said that every case from 1980 to 1989 was caused by vaccine.
1993 Clinton administration announces plans for a National Childhood Vaccination Program. 103rd Congress introduces S732,S733,HR1460, legislation that would attempt to vaccine all children in the United States, while severely limiting exemptions parents could claim. The bills also seek to set up a national vaccine registry to track down parents who resist.
1993 Seattle Times reports that all polio in the US is caused by vaccines. (6/10/93).
1993 The US Army directs Walter Reed Army Institute of Research to sign an agreement with MicroGeneSys in Meridan, Connecticut for a 'large scale clinical evaluation' of an AIDS vaccine designed to block destruction of the immune system. The VaxSyn vaccine uses a genetically engineered protein that matches a protein called (gp160) that covers the surface of the HIV virus. (Note: That the HIV virus is harmless and does not 'cause AIDS' is known, illustrating that the military is in on the AIDS scam). See Duesberg material.
1994 Researchers at the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology use genetic engineering to alter a Polio virus (Sabin type) to allow it to carry two key genes from the HIV virus, plus proteins from both cholera bacteria and influenza virus, in a misguided attempt to create an 'AIDS vaccine' by induction of immune reaction to foreign proteins. (San Francisco Chronicle 9/2/94)
1994 Sweden reports the testing of a 'new safer Pertussis vaccine' to combat whooping cough (what is now a relatively mild disease). According to an article in The Olympian, Olympia, Washington, it 'could be available in the United States, according to federal health officials.' According to the article 'the vaccine could mean the end of rare, severe side effects associated with the Pertussis/whooping cough vaccine.' (Note: On the contrary, the evidence proves the Pertussis organism found in Pertussis 'vaccine', whether bred in live tissue ('live' virus) or dead tissue ('killed virus'), causes brain damage and other pathology in humans).
1889 Protégé's of Louis Pasteur, Emile Rouz & Alexandre Yersin grew a broth thick with diphtheria bacteria and used compressed air to force the broth through a filter of unglazed porcelain.
NO bacteria or solids could pass through the porcelain - only liquid.
They then sterilized the liquid.
They took the sterilized liquid of diphtheria toxin and injected into animals.
The liquid killed the animals not the bacteria!
According to Dr. Young, this early scientific test showed that a liquid toxic acid kills,not a bacteria or fungi. The major contributors to an acidic body that leads to irritation, inflammation, induration, ulceration and degeneration are as follows:
1) Nitric, sulphuric, phosphoric and uric acids from animal proteins including eggs.
2) Lactic acids from dairy products.
3) All sugars including herbal sugars which are all acids including glucose and ethanol alcohol.
4) Vinegar which is diluted acetylaldehyde an acid that destroys brain cells.
5) All mushrooms and algae which breakdown dead bodies.
6) Peanuts and corn which produce exotoxins and mycotoxins.
7) All fermented foods including soy sauce.
8) Antibiotics which are mycotoxins.
9) Antifungals which are stronger mycotoxins.
10) All vaccinations which are full of exotoxins and mycotoxins.
1994 Dr. Robert O. Young discovers the pH factor in triggering biological transformation of the red blood cells into bacteria and yeast.
1994 Dr. Robert O. Young discovers that there is only one sickness and one disease and that is the over-acidification of the blood and tissues due to an inverted way of living eating and thinking.
1994 to the present the increase of Autism is at epidemic proportions - 1 in 90 boys and 1 in 150 girls are affected. Dr. Young has suggested that this is a result of congestion of the bowels from eating animal proteins and dairy as well as vaccinations and antibiotics that destroys the root system or intestinal villi of the small intestine - the focal point where new blood is produced.
1994 to the present the increase of breast cancers is now 1 in 3 and the increase of prostate cancers in men is now 1 in 2. Dr. Young has suggested that this is a result of antibiotic and anti-fugal use, vaccination and an acidic lifestyle and diet.
2008 A formal investigation has been launched by French authorities against two managers from drug companies GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi Pasteur. A second investigation for manslaughter has also been opened against Sanofi Pasteur MSD.
The investigations are in response to allegations that the companies failed to fully disclose side effects from an anti-hepatitis B drug used between 1994 and 1998.
During this time, close to two-thirds of the French population, and almost all newborn babies, received a hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccination campaign was halted after concerns rose over the shot's side effects.
Thirty plaintiffs, including the families of five people who died after the vaccination, have launched a civil action in the case against the drug companies. Source: Reuters February 1, 2008
For more information on viruses, bacteria, yeast and vaccines read Sick and Tired, Reclaim Your Inner Terrain, or A Second Thought About Viruses, Vaccines and the HIV AIDS Hypothesis, both by Dr. Robert O. Young.
I would also recommend reading Antione BeChamp's books, The Blood The Third Anatomical Element and The Origin of Organic Beings.
Monday, January 21, 2008
What is a chondrit?
What is a chondrit?
To this day, the cell is regarded as the ultimate organic unit, out of which all higher organisms are built up. Even Haeckel believed he had found the proto-organism in the one-celled protozoans.
When I formulated the concept Symprotit and its sub-unit Protit as the primeval unit of life in the form of a quite homogeneous minuscule kernel as recognized phenomenological forms of bacteria up to the outer limits of visibility, it had been well proven by their reproductive ability that these were living organisms.
But all connection was lacking between these subvisible units and the higher forms of the bacteria, to say nothing of a connection to cells, which wasn't even under consideration. For this, long years of study of their living conditions were required - and the necessary culturing experiments which were repeated in endless series over and over again.
I chose as my experimental object of study the Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872), bred from various vaccine lymphs (of which it's quite irrelevant whether or not it is the cause of smallpox, as even the discoverer of this species assumed).
What we are dealing with here is a preliminary sketch of a few excerpts from the results of these developmental-historical and comparative-morphological studies; the detailed main publication with numerous illustrations will appear in the indicated venue.
The Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872) in its typical phenomenological form is a micrococcus usually about 0.5-0.6 µ long, which nevertheless represents a Thecit and not a primary Basit (even though it is a Basit, albeit a pliovalentes one).
If one puts the material of a culture of this strain in a hanging drop, then it will very quickly develop (usually beginning after just a few seconds) a mass of Chondriten, usually growing rapidly, especially when the starter material is from an older culture.
By culturing material from one of these hanging drops, one can easily create isolated colonies of the Chondritstadiums, but they are only visible after a few days (and with a magnifying glass) as extremely tiny colonies among the large Thecites colonies. However, they can be isolated even sooner by simply swabbing the areas between the large colonies.
Over the years, I have steadily cultured the Thecit in numberless series out of the pure cultures of the Chondritstadiums, so that the total material of Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872) at my disposal has to a certain extent been complexly filtered. The creation of the Thecites usually takes place over weeks to months, so that a dispersion of individual Theciten, which would grow to large colonies in a single day, is out of the question.
Isolated Chondrite quickly grow in hanging drops into entire systems alternating between Symprotit and Filum, as shown here. The Symprotite here can already take on quite varied sizes. Since the Filum is capable of renewed granule formation (Symprotit) at many different locations, one after the other, it is reasonable to conclude that the Filum is a linear arrangement and organization of the final unit, the Protites.
The alternation between the two growth forms of the Chondritstadiums is thus an alternation between a growth form with linear arrangement of the Protite (Filum) and one with three-dimensional arrangement of the same (Symprotite). The diameter of the Filums - about 0.02 µ or even less - is accordingly the diameter of the free Protites.
But whereas the Filum - except with dark-field illumination - is usually only visible as it blinks when the mirror is moved, presumably the Protit alone is no longer clearly recognizable; only accumulation gives rise to a pocked surface, which, much like the Filum, is accounted for by the light-diffracting processes. With longer observation periods, one can now and again notice an increase in thickness - which, however, since it is usually irregularly bounded, could be due to the expulsion of individual Protiten.
Even in these masses, more robust granules (Symprotite) can be formed here and there. But the Symprotit, which is based on a three-dimensional union and organization of Protiten, can also excrete these free accumulated Protite. This generally occurs after a few days, and these loose plasma masses cling to the Symprotit in the form of an extremely fine to extended calotte: the plasma coat. The first phase of the socialization of two development stages to a new unit is complete. The Symprotit becomes the parietal nucleus (Mych), the Protitanhäufung becomes the fluid plasma, the plasma coat, and the new unit is the cell-like Mychit.
The auxanogene (i.e. multiplicative) development, takes places in the alternation of Mychit and Dimychit; here, with these fission processes, the Filum has lost its mobility during its lengthening growth and has shortened to a filament in the confined space of the fluid plasma, the plasma coat. If yolk masses (reserve materials such as lipids, nucleic acid derivatives, etc.) are stored up in the Mychit, then it is chiefly on the surface of the Mych (nucleus) in the form of Trophosom (or Trophosomelle) and of the filament in the form of Trophode.
I have already treated this in more detail for other bacteria (Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. [Session reports of the society of friends of natural-science research] Berlin 1931, pp. 87-88 and Arch Entw. Bakt. [Archive for the developmental history of bacteria] I, 1, 1931 pp. 53-104). There is no need here to go into more detail on the further course of Probaenogenie to Phytit, Rhabdit, etc., since it is not relevant to present goals, and since these processes are common to all higher bacteria.
It remains only to mention that here, too, in the Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872), the formation of the spherical or slightly ovoid Cystite (with a Mych or Symmychon), Thecite (with several Mych or Symmycha) and Chondrothecite (with very numerous minuscule Mych, belonging to the Protit or Symprotit) is consummated mostly on Synasciten, but also on Mycasciten, as is usually the case, but in this species, these structures can also be formed freely, which is not otherwise normally true. more information: http://www.professorenderlein.com/
To this day, the cell is regarded as the ultimate organic unit, out of which all higher organisms are built up. Even Haeckel believed he had found the proto-organism in the one-celled protozoans.
When I formulated the concept Symprotit and its sub-unit Protit as the primeval unit of life in the form of a quite homogeneous minuscule kernel as recognized phenomenological forms of bacteria up to the outer limits of visibility, it had been well proven by their reproductive ability that these were living organisms.
But all connection was lacking between these subvisible units and the higher forms of the bacteria, to say nothing of a connection to cells, which wasn't even under consideration. For this, long years of study of their living conditions were required - and the necessary culturing experiments which were repeated in endless series over and over again.
I chose as my experimental object of study the Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872), bred from various vaccine lymphs (of which it's quite irrelevant whether or not it is the cause of smallpox, as even the discoverer of this species assumed).
What we are dealing with here is a preliminary sketch of a few excerpts from the results of these developmental-historical and comparative-morphological studies; the detailed main publication with numerous illustrations will appear in the indicated venue.
The Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872) in its typical phenomenological form is a micrococcus usually about 0.5-0.6 µ long, which nevertheless represents a Thecit and not a primary Basit (even though it is a Basit, albeit a pliovalentes one).
If one puts the material of a culture of this strain in a hanging drop, then it will very quickly develop (usually beginning after just a few seconds) a mass of Chondriten, usually growing rapidly, especially when the starter material is from an older culture.
By culturing material from one of these hanging drops, one can easily create isolated colonies of the Chondritstadiums, but they are only visible after a few days (and with a magnifying glass) as extremely tiny colonies among the large Thecites colonies. However, they can be isolated even sooner by simply swabbing the areas between the large colonies.
Over the years, I have steadily cultured the Thecit in numberless series out of the pure cultures of the Chondritstadiums, so that the total material of Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872) at my disposal has to a certain extent been complexly filtered. The creation of the Thecites usually takes place over weeks to months, so that a dispersion of individual Theciten, which would grow to large colonies in a single day, is out of the question.
Isolated Chondrite quickly grow in hanging drops into entire systems alternating between Symprotit and Filum, as shown here. The Symprotite here can already take on quite varied sizes. Since the Filum is capable of renewed granule formation (Symprotit) at many different locations, one after the other, it is reasonable to conclude that the Filum is a linear arrangement and organization of the final unit, the Protites.
The alternation between the two growth forms of the Chondritstadiums is thus an alternation between a growth form with linear arrangement of the Protite (Filum) and one with three-dimensional arrangement of the same (Symprotite). The diameter of the Filums - about 0.02 µ or even less - is accordingly the diameter of the free Protites.
But whereas the Filum - except with dark-field illumination - is usually only visible as it blinks when the mirror is moved, presumably the Protit alone is no longer clearly recognizable; only accumulation gives rise to a pocked surface, which, much like the Filum, is accounted for by the light-diffracting processes. With longer observation periods, one can now and again notice an increase in thickness - which, however, since it is usually irregularly bounded, could be due to the expulsion of individual Protiten.
Even in these masses, more robust granules (Symprotite) can be formed here and there. But the Symprotit, which is based on a three-dimensional union and organization of Protiten, can also excrete these free accumulated Protite. This generally occurs after a few days, and these loose plasma masses cling to the Symprotit in the form of an extremely fine to extended calotte: the plasma coat. The first phase of the socialization of two development stages to a new unit is complete. The Symprotit becomes the parietal nucleus (Mych), the Protitanhäufung becomes the fluid plasma, the plasma coat, and the new unit is the cell-like Mychit.
The auxanogene (i.e. multiplicative) development, takes places in the alternation of Mychit and Dimychit; here, with these fission processes, the Filum has lost its mobility during its lengthening growth and has shortened to a filament in the confined space of the fluid plasma, the plasma coat. If yolk masses (reserve materials such as lipids, nucleic acid derivatives, etc.) are stored up in the Mychit, then it is chiefly on the surface of the Mych (nucleus) in the form of Trophosom (or Trophosomelle) and of the filament in the form of Trophode.
I have already treated this in more detail for other bacteria (Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. [Session reports of the society of friends of natural-science research] Berlin 1931, pp. 87-88 and Arch Entw. Bakt. [Archive for the developmental history of bacteria] I, 1, 1931 pp. 53-104). There is no need here to go into more detail on the further course of Probaenogenie to Phytit, Rhabdit, etc., since it is not relevant to present goals, and since these processes are common to all higher bacteria.
It remains only to mention that here, too, in the Microsphaera vaccinae (Cohn 1872), the formation of the spherical or slightly ovoid Cystite (with a Mych or Symmychon), Thecite (with several Mych or Symmycha) and Chondrothecite (with very numerous minuscule Mych, belonging to the Protit or Symprotit) is consummated mostly on Synasciten, but also on Mycasciten, as is usually the case, but in this species, these structures can also be formed freely, which is not otherwise normally true. more information: http://www.professorenderlein.com/
Friday, November 30, 2007
Research Can Help Close Cancer 'Race Gap'
(HealthDay News) -- Collaborations between researchers and community groups can help ease cancer disparities among minority populations, researchers report.
They based their conclusions on the results of U.S. initiatives launched in Nashville, Tenn. and among the Navajo Nation.
Such partnerships between researchers and community groups can improve the quality of data collection, provide new insight into social factors/help, and result in sustained health improvements in disadvantaged populations, the scientists said.
The initiatives were to be outlined Thursday in Atlanta at an American Association for Cancer Research conference.
Like many communities across the United States, Nashville has experienced a large growth in its Hispanic population, a group whose health care needs are under-studied and not well documented in the academic literature. In response, a group of Nashville-area researchers partnered with community groups to survey the cancer care and prevention needs of more than 500 Hispanics, whose average age was 35. The information will be used in the development of future community programs and may help improve cancer prevention/care programs for local Hispanics.
Of the respondents, 98 percent were not born in the United States; more than half had emigrated from Mexico. The survey found that 80 percent of respondents didn't have health insurance, two-thirds hadn't completed high school, and 55 percent spoke little or no English.
Out of a list of 25 health topics, cancer was rated the top health concern. Almost 75 percent of respondents said they wanted to learn more about cancer prevention and just over half said they wanted more information on cancer screening. A large majority of respondents said they'd take part in a clinical trial to receive treatment if they had cancer. More than 90 percent of respondents with daughters under age 18 said they'd probably or definitely approve of their daughters receiving the new human papillomovirus virus (HPV) vaccine if it were free. HPV infection is linked with cervical cancer.
"Our local Hispanic community has grown nearly seven-fold over the last decade, yet we do not know much, if anything, about their cancer-related needs," lead investigator Pamela Hull, associate director of the Center for Health Research at Tennessee State University, said in a prepared statement. "Our survey has found that members of the Nashville Hispanic community are overwhelmingly interested in cancer prevention and health care efforts -- including cancer clinical trials and cervical cancer vaccination -- yet the community generally lacks access to care and information."
"Over the last 15 years of so, many smaller cities and rural communities across the interior of the United States have seen a similar growth of Hispanic immigrants moving from the states with traditionally larger Hispanic populations," Hull said. "Our survey, and the participatory methods we use, could help inform these new growth communities about their blossoming Hispanic populations."
In general, Hispanics have lower cancer rates than whites, but have higher rates for certain types of cancers, such as cervical, stomach, liver and leukemia, according to the American Cancer Society. Hispanics also have lower survival rates for most cancers. The Nashville survey found that cancer rates among Hispanics may vary according to their country of origin, Hull said.
The other researcher/community group partnerships outlined at the conference included one to help black Americans stop smoking and another to educate members of the Navajo Nation about colorectal cancer.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about Hispanic health issues.
more discussion: Forum
· Addiction Forum · Ask the Doctors Forum · Ayurveda Forum · Ayurvedic & Thai Herbs Forum · Colon Cleansing Forum · Dental Forum · Diabetes Forum · Diet Forum · General Cleansing Forum · Hepatitis A, B. C Forum · Integrated Medicine Forum · Live Blood Analysis Forum · Ozone-Oxygen-Forum · pH - Alkaline - Acidity Forum · Weight Loss Forum
They based their conclusions on the results of U.S. initiatives launched in Nashville, Tenn. and among the Navajo Nation.
Such partnerships between researchers and community groups can improve the quality of data collection, provide new insight into social factors/help, and result in sustained health improvements in disadvantaged populations, the scientists said.
The initiatives were to be outlined Thursday in Atlanta at an American Association for Cancer Research conference.
Like many communities across the United States, Nashville has experienced a large growth in its Hispanic population, a group whose health care needs are under-studied and not well documented in the academic literature. In response, a group of Nashville-area researchers partnered with community groups to survey the cancer care and prevention needs of more than 500 Hispanics, whose average age was 35. The information will be used in the development of future community programs and may help improve cancer prevention/care programs for local Hispanics.
Of the respondents, 98 percent were not born in the United States; more than half had emigrated from Mexico. The survey found that 80 percent of respondents didn't have health insurance, two-thirds hadn't completed high school, and 55 percent spoke little or no English.
Out of a list of 25 health topics, cancer was rated the top health concern. Almost 75 percent of respondents said they wanted to learn more about cancer prevention and just over half said they wanted more information on cancer screening. A large majority of respondents said they'd take part in a clinical trial to receive treatment if they had cancer. More than 90 percent of respondents with daughters under age 18 said they'd probably or definitely approve of their daughters receiving the new human papillomovirus virus (HPV) vaccine if it were free. HPV infection is linked with cervical cancer.
"Our local Hispanic community has grown nearly seven-fold over the last decade, yet we do not know much, if anything, about their cancer-related needs," lead investigator Pamela Hull, associate director of the Center for Health Research at Tennessee State University, said in a prepared statement. "Our survey has found that members of the Nashville Hispanic community are overwhelmingly interested in cancer prevention and health care efforts -- including cancer clinical trials and cervical cancer vaccination -- yet the community generally lacks access to care and information."
"Over the last 15 years of so, many smaller cities and rural communities across the interior of the United States have seen a similar growth of Hispanic immigrants moving from the states with traditionally larger Hispanic populations," Hull said. "Our survey, and the participatory methods we use, could help inform these new growth communities about their blossoming Hispanic populations."
In general, Hispanics have lower cancer rates than whites, but have higher rates for certain types of cancers, such as cervical, stomach, liver and leukemia, according to the American Cancer Society. Hispanics also have lower survival rates for most cancers. The Nashville survey found that cancer rates among Hispanics may vary according to their country of origin, Hull said.
The other researcher/community group partnerships outlined at the conference included one to help black Americans stop smoking and another to educate members of the Navajo Nation about colorectal cancer.
More information
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about Hispanic health issues.
more discussion: Forum
· Addiction Forum · Ask the Doctors Forum · Ayurveda Forum · Ayurvedic & Thai Herbs Forum · Colon Cleansing Forum · Dental Forum · Diabetes Forum · Diet Forum · General Cleansing Forum · Hepatitis A, B. C Forum · Integrated Medicine Forum · Live Blood Analysis Forum · Ozone-Oxygen-Forum · pH - Alkaline - Acidity Forum · Weight Loss Forum
Friday, October 20, 2006
CHAPTER 8: The Blood and the Third Anatomical Element by Antoine Bechamp
THE MICROZYMAS AND THAT WHICH IS STYLED BACTERIOLOGY; THE MICROZYMAS, LIVING BEINGS BELONGING TO AN UNSUSPECTED ORDER OF THEIR OWN; OVULAR AND VITELLIN MICROZYMAS; MICROZYMAS AND MOLECULAR GRANULATIONS; GEOLOGICAL MICROZYMAS; MICROZYMAS OF THE EARTH AND OF THE WATERS; MICROZYMAS AND BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE MICROZYMAS; MICROZYMAS AND THEIR PERENNITY; THE ORGANIZED END OF ALL ORGANIZATION; OVULAR AND VITELLIN MICROZYMAS; MICROZYMAS AND PATHOLOGY; MICROZYMAS AND COORDINATION; PHAGOCYTOSIS; MICROZYMAS AND ANTHRAX; MICROZYMAS AND DISEASE; MICROZYMAS AND MICROBES; MICROZYMAS AND THE INDIVIDUAL COEFFICIENT; MICROZYMAS, LIFE AND DEATH; MICROZYMAS AND HEALTH; MICROZYMAS AND RECEPTIVITY; MICROZYMAS, BLOOD AND PROTOPLASM; CONCLUSIONS.
To place beyond dispute the autonomy of the microzymas it is necessary to bring into prominence the facts and observations which prove that the existence of the microzymas as living beings has not been suspected by those naturalists who have studied the infusoria, nor yet by the anatomists who have studied the cellules and the tissues.
Demonstration that the microzymas, autonomous anatomical elements in living organisms, are living beings, morphologically determined, belonging to a category of their own, having no analogue.
Let us first get rid of the hypotheses that the microzymas are either the bacterium termo, or the Monas crepusculum, or the Micrococcus, or the spores of bacteria.
It is to be borne in mind that I gave the name of microzyma at first to the geological figured ferment of the chalk of Sens and of another calcareous earth; that I have discovered this ferment in other calcareous rocks, always of a spherical form, very brilliant, having the brownian movement and smaller than all the vibrioniens described by authors.' Ehrenberg described (in the chalk) the remains of fossil microscopic organisms called Polythalamies and Nautilites, but makes no mention either of Monas crepusculum nor of Bacterium punctum. In fact, none of the microzymas can be confounded with those described by Ehrenberg under those names. The microzymas are even smaller than the Bacterium termo, the smallest of the known infusoria, the first term of the animal kingdom, according to Felix Dujardin.
Nevertheless the microzymas had been seen in cloudy infusions of vegetable and animal matters, but they were taken for "the active molecules of Robert Brown"; that is to say, for molecules having the staggering or scintillating movement without change of place, called "brownian movement," and no further attention was paid to them.
In fact, the microzymas are neither the Bacterium punctum, nor the Monas crepusculum, nor even the Bacterium termo, which is much smaller than they. It will be sufficient to establish this fact by referring to the description of these monas, etc., given by F. Dujardin, in his "Historie Naturelle des Zoophytes," Infusoria, pp. 215 and 279.
On the other hand, if these bacteria, these monads, these micrococci, belong to determined species, it is contrary to the data of natural history to regard them as capable of being transformed into other genera and species of vibrioniens, as we see the microzymas produce them by evolution; the suggestion that the microzymas are the spores of schizomycetes is also untenable for the following reasons: A spore is a seminulum, or an egg, if according to the old view, the bacteria are animals, and search has been made for the eggs of bacteria; a grain, if according to the new creed the bacteria are vegetable; egg or grain, a spore cannot multiply itself as the microzyma does, and cannot therefore be the same thing.
Take the microzymas of the ovule in the Graafian vesicle in the fowl, and the microzymas of the vitellus of the mature egg. In the ovule there are ovular microzymas, in the vitellus, vitelline microzymas. At a given moment there are, say, a milligramme of microzymas in the ovule, and there are two or three grammes dried at 100° C. (I have isolated and weighed them) in the vitellus.1
They have then multiplied prodigiously during the development of the vitellus.2
So much then for the anatomical analysis for the egg of the fowl, and the chemical analysis shows that the elementary composition of the ovular microzymas is not the same as that of the vitellin, the former, as will be seen, being less carbonized; evidently their composition changed in the process of multiplication.3
Chemical analysis has further demonstrated that the vitellin microzymas of several species of birds differ from those of the fowl in their composition and especially in the properties of their respective zymases.4 This accords exactly with the microzymian theory, for it is evident that the microzymas are what they should be specifically, in order that, by incubation, the egg should produce the proper bird, its tissues, and all that pertains to its future being. And it has been demonstrated that during the development of the being, parallel with the anatomical development by the multiplication of the microzymas, there is a functional development of these, so that in each anatomical system they become that which they successively are in the embryo, in the foetus, in the adult, etc.
1. See the Memoir on The Albuminoid Mailers, pp. 140 and following.2. For the mode of multiplication of the microzymas see "Les Microzymas," pp. 490 and following.3. The Memoir above mentioned, p. 162.4. See J. Bechamp, "Normal and pathological albumins," pp. 77 and following.
If the hypothesis that the microzymas are the spores of bacteria were true, it would be necessary that there should first have existed in the circumambient atmosphere as many species of these spores as there are species of animal and vegetable ovules; next it would be necessary for these spores to penetrate as far as, and into the ovule, and should there multiply to fill up the vitellus of the egg of the fowl.
I need go no further, for there are still otherwise enormous difficulties, when we take into consideration the microzymas of the developed being, which are so different from the embryonal and foetal microzymas! But it now lies with the opponents of the microzymian theory to demonstrate the existence of these spores and of their penetration as far as, and into, the ovules and their multiplication.
We have thus discarded the hypothesis opposed to that of autonomy. It is also discarded by the following consideration, which deserves being underscored.
Shortly before M. Pasteur's admission in 1886 of the presence of the microzymas in the altered blood of his experiment, he had, for the purpose of denying them, asserted that the microzymas were the molecular granulations "which we all know." This was to his confreres of the Academy.
Yes, histologists and anatomo-pathologists knew them and represented them by a "stippling" in their figures of special tissues.
But their name even betrayed the opinion that they were neither organized nor living; in effect, the qualification of molecular was intended to indicate that it meant only small collections of some sort of matter; thus they were described as white, gray, minerals, fats, albuminoids, etc. They were even described as possessing the brownian movement; nevertheless, before the discovery of the microzymas, no one thought of connecting them either with the bacterium punctum or the monas crepusculum.
They were connected with anatomical organisms as being the remains of tissues, of destroyed cellules, or as amorphous matter; no one dreamed of making them come from outside. No consideration of the anatomical-molecular-granulations had anything to do with the discovery of the microzymas, but, as I have shown above, purely chemical considerations.
No, the molecular granulations are not the microzymas.
And from the time of our first note, Estor and I have stated that the microzymas exist only among the anatomical objects which in histology are called molecular granulations. But we held the microzymas to be autonomous anatomical elements; a more careful anatomical analysis enabled me to demonstrate that there exist naked microzymas and microzymas in the condition which I have termed microzymian molecular granulations.
Thus is disproved another gratuitous and erroneous assertion!
I return to the microzymas. I had described them from the commencement as being chemically and physiologically figured ferments, producers of zymases, which are called soluble ferments, and were placed in the same category as me figured ferments which are insoluble. Biologically, I distinguished them as being such as by evolution could become vibrionien, a fact which we have seen to be verified in every sense.
But in the experiments on spontaneous alterations, or fermentations, wherein microzymas become bacteria, we have seen that these were destroyed and that vibrioniens more and more minute appeared in their place, so that at last there remained only of these bacteria the forms nearest to the microzymas; in the same manner consequently, that by their destruction the cellules set their microzymas free, the bacteria in their complete destruction reproduce microzymas similar to those of the chalk, and we will now see how that is.
In the experiments on the spontaneous alterations of natural animal matters, the substances, which in a chemical sense are termed organic, which result from transformations by fermentation under the influence of the microzymas, before and after their vibrionian evolution, with or without the setting free of gas, are never entirely destroyed; that is to say, they are not reduced to a mineral condition, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen, etc.; for such destruction oxygen is necessary under conditions which reproduce those realized in geological epochs.
When I had discovered the microzymas in the chalk and in other calcareous rock, and became convinced that they were not dependent on atmospheric germs, I asked myself if they were not the living remains of organized being which had disappeared in geologic times.1 This hypothesis was verified in the following manner:
A kitten was killed and buried between two beds of pure carbonate of lime, and left in a cylindrical glass vessel, covered with a small quantity of paper in such wise that the air had free access to it, but its dust was excluded. The experiment lasted seven years. Every part of the body, except some fragments of bone, had disappeared. The carbonate of lime was perfectly white, so complete had been the work of destruction. Under the microscope, nothing was to be seen in the upper layers of the carbonate except microscopic crystals of aragonite of this carbonate; but in the beds adjacent to the place, and underneath, where the kitten had been, and beneath, there were crowds of glittering motile microzymas, such as are to be seen in the chalk of Sens, etc.
And with this kind of artificial calcareous rock, containing the microzymas of an animal of the present day, I was able to repeat the experiments on fermentation which I had made with the chalk of Sens and with other calcareous rocks, both lacustrine and marine.2 Such was the first experimental verification of the hypothesis that the microzymas of the chalk and of calcareous rocks are the organized remains, still living, of the beings which lived in the geological ages of the earths to which those rocks belonged. Read the note of the Comptes Rendus which I have just cited and you will be convinced that this verification has also been its vindication.
1. C. R.. Vol. LXX p. 914 (1870).2. Conference at the Congress of the French Association for the Advancement of Science. Nantes (1875).
I have said that the microzymas of the artificial chalk were the microzymas of an animal of the present epoch, but this needs some modification in terms to be quite accurate. They were the microzymas of the bacteria which the normal microzymas of the animal had first become by evolution. By fresh experiments I have learned that the microzymas of an entire body, or of the liver, of the heart, of the lungs, of the kidneys, under the conditions of my experiment become bacteria in the first phases of the phenomenon, these then disappear, becoming again microzymas, while the rest of the mailer already transformed is, under (heir influence, and with access of air, reduced to the mineral state, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen, etc.1 And I have demonstrated that whereas in the climate of Montpellier seven years were required to accomplish this, a much longer time would be needed in a colder climate, so that in a climate such as that of the Obi valley centuries were required.
It was then a legitimate conclusion that the microzymas of the calcareous rocks, of the clays, of the marls; in short, of all the rocks which contain them, are the organized and living remains of beings which had been living, of animals and plants of the geologic epochs; that these beings were histologically constituted as are the beings of our epoch, that their microzymas, during their destruction, had become bacteia by evolution, and that the microzymas, geological ferments, of these rocks, are those of these bacteria destroyed in their turn and reduced to their microzymas.
1. See "Les Microzymas," etc., pp. 624 and following. See also note: C. R., Vol. LXX, p. 914, "Les Microzymas," etc., p. 952.
It is not surprising then that, having long pursued the anticipated consequences of the hypothesis now verified, I have demonstrated the presence of the microzymas in the earths of the garrigues of the departments of Herault and of Card, in cultivated lands generally, in moor lands, in the alluvials, in the waters, in the dust of the streets, where they are to be found in crowds; often still in the condition of bacteria, proving that, like those of the calcareous rocks, they are energetic ferments. And already, prior to 1867, I had made known their role in the soil in agriculture.
These researches led to a result of very great importance; it was the demonstration that what was and still is called germs of the air are essentially nothing other than the microzymas of beings which have lived, but have disappeared or are being destroyed before our eyes. In fact, by precise experiments, I have proved that the microzymas of the air are ferments of the same order as those of the chalk, of the rocks, and of those of my experiments with artificial chalk; only, varying with the places, the circumambient a r may, along with these microzymas, contain conides of lichens, spores of mushrooms, bacteria and everything that the wind can disperse in it.1
1. See, for details. C. R, Vol. LXXIV. p. 629; Vol. LXIII, p. 451; and "Les microzymas." etc., pp. 122, 135. 940. 952.
There is then no panspermy such as that which Charles Bonnet had invented, nor that which Spallanzani and M. Pasteur (after me) had admitted. In short, there are no pre-existing germs. At each period, as in our days, and in each place there exist in the surrounding air only the microzymas of former beings which had disappeared and are disappearing with the things which the wind scatters in it.
But if we reflect that the species of microzymas are: first, as numerous as the species of eggs, of seeds, of spores of the various species of animals and plants; next, that there are in each animal and vegetable organism, already developed or in process of development, microzymas as specifically numerous as there are anatomical systems and organs, tissues and special cellules in these organisms, it is easy to conceive that the species of atmospheric microzymas are present in enormous numbers. One can also understand the very great number of changes which these microzymas may cause, when some one of these species fall into a fermentescible medium in which it can multiply, and either evolve in it/or build in it a cellule, or a mould.
If then, as I have demonstrated experimentally, there are besides microzymas, and as well in animals as in plants, among the micro-organisms of the circumambient air, spores, conides of fungi, of lichens, even actual cellules of ferments,1 it is easy to understand that if these micro-organisms fall into fermentescible media they will develop in it, each according to its nature, and that various productions, moulds, divers cellules, and at the same time vibrioniens, may appear in it.2
But in all the observations and in all the experiments relative to the spontaneous change of natural vegetable and animal matters, and in the fermentations of sugar or of fecula by aid of the tissues and humors of animals, when the influence of the micro-organisms of the air has been destroyed or suppressed,3 only microzymas and vibrioniens, and vibrios or bacteria, fruits of their evolution, are seen; this proves that the microzymas are autonomous anatomical elements existing in it of themselves.
1. "Sur L'origine des ferments du vin," by A. Bechamp, C. R., Vol. LIX, p. 626 (1864).2. See C. R., Vol. LXXIV. p. 115, and "Les Microzymas," etc.. p. 948.3. Here a complementary explanation is necessary to explain more clearly the mode of action of creosote in the experiments in which it has been employed to annihilate the influence of germs of the air. And first of all, in speaking of germs, it no longer relates to this vague something, which when called upon by Ch. Robin to define, M. Pasteur called "origin of life," but figured ferments, upon which creosote exercises an influence clearly determined. I must therefore recall that I have several times insisted on the fuel that creosote is efficient in annihilating the influence of the germs of a limited volume of the surrounding air, unless the air be renewed. And it is so, because a limited volume of air contains only limited number of micro-organismic ferments. But creosote, while it does not prevent the ferments from acting, hinders their multiplication. In reality the ferments of a limited volume of air, which are capable of acting upon a fermentescible medium, do act upon it, but only in proportion to their quantity, in such wise that the result is so inappreciable that it is as though it were nothing; it is thus that the quantity of sugar, inverted, in the presence of creosote, by the microzymas of a small limited volume of air can be determined neither by reagents, nor by the polariscope. But if a slow current of several hundred litres of the same air is caused to act upon a creosoted solution of sugar the microzymas and other micro-organisms retained by the liquor render this at last cloudy, and. thus accumulated, there are among them some which effect the inversion, without developing moulds, while the microzymas undergo a greater or less vibrionian evolution. Such is the exact idea to be formed of the influence of the creosote, and of the role of the atmospheric ferments. When, owing to their presence, productions such as moulds are produced, it is because die special conditions of existence of these moulds, etc., have been realized. But microzymas in their function of anatomical elements only become vibrioniens from the substance of tissues and humors, ever, in spite of the presence of creosote, provided the volume of air be limited or completely absent.
These statements and considerations may be summed up in the following propositions:
(1). The microzymas of the animal organism proceed from the vitellin microzymas, which are autonomous anatomical elements in the vitellus.
(2). The number of anatomical species of microzymas is enormous.
(3). The essential biological characters of the microzymas are to be creators of cellules by synthesis and of vibrioniens by evolution.
(4). The physiological and chemical characters of microzymas are to produce the zymases and to be themselves ferments having a determined form.
These propositions are also true for plants beginning with the ovule; but from the fact that a microzyma may become a vibrionien by evolution, it necessarily follows that the species of microzymas being innumerable the species of vibrioniens are likewise innumerable.
It is further important to remember that an anatomical element microzyma is animal in an animal, vegetable in a vegetable. Hence arises this question: To what kingdom belongs the bacterium of such or such an animal microzyma? Of such or such a vegetable microzyma? We must remember that any microzyma, before it accomplishes the evolution which produces a bacterium, passes through the evolutionary phases of microzyma slightly changed in form, of microzyma successively associated in twos, in threes, in several grains, etc. But those forms have been described under the names of Monas, of Bacterium termo and punctum, of Coccus, of Diplococcus, of Torulo, of Streptococcus, of Micrococcus, of Mesococcus, of Microbe with a point, of Microbe with a double point, etc. Nor is that all; bacteria in spontaneously destroying themselves to become microzymas similar to those of the rock-chalk or of the artificial chalk of my experiments, have passed through new forms, of which the most constant is that which has also been described as the Bacterium termo.1
1. See, on this subject, Felix Dujardin, "Les Zoophites Infusoire," p. 232.
But what are such specifications worth, based only upon the shape, on the length and thickness, upon the color, the motility or immotility of the object specified? In the order of received ideas it would be too tedious to discuss them; it suffices for me to say that Felix Dujardin, who knew the germ theory and did not allude to it in his explanations, was of opinion that the phenomena observed in these changes were favorable to the doctrine of spontaneous generation; and consequently that outside of the microzymian theory it is all incomprehensible and arbitrary. A priori one cannot tell to what kingdom a bacterium belongs, for one can only distinguish a microzyma, and consequently a bacterium, by the origin and function of the microzyma. An example will make this clear: Take the parotid gland of a man, and that of a horse, the structure and functions of which seem to be the same and of which the microzymas of the cellules are morphologically identical; well, while the parotidian microzymas of man liquify and energetically saccharify the starch of fecula, those of the horse liquify that starch but do not saccharify it And we have established by other differences of the like kind that the microzymas of the different anatomical systems of a same organism may differ one from the other; and by still greater reason those of different organisms may differ.
Plants, like animals, being anatomically constituted living by their respective microzymas, the bacteria which these microzymas can become are evidently limited to the two kingdoms; and so perhaps the question whether a vibrionien is animal, as was thought, or plant, as is now asserted, is an idle one.
But if one chooses in spite of all this to insist that the bacteria are plants and that the microzymas are their spores, a new question would arise, of which of the species of schizomycetes which the same microzyma may become before becoming a perfect bacterium (Bacterium termo, Monas crepusculum, torula, Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, etc.)—is it first the spore, in the organism before evolution, and then in the chalk-rock, or in the artificial chalk, after the total destruction of the organism?
According to accepted notions the reply cannot be otherwise than uncertain! According to the microzymian theory here is the answer.
An anatomical element, microzyma, in a plant or in an animal, whose conditions of existence have just changed, can become a bacterium by evolution, and the intermediate evolutionary phases, like those of the tadpole, which becomes a frog, leaves the special nature of the microzyma still existing; there are not new species. The perfect bacterium depends on the nature of the microzyma, as the perfect batrachian depends on the particular nature of its tadpole.
Every bacterium resolves itself by spontaneous destruction into a microzyma, and the microzymas thus evolved are different from the anatomical microzyma which has become a bacterium, not morphologically, nor functionally so far as regards being a figured ferment, but by a collection of properties, which assure the perennity of the form and of the function in a condition of individual separateness.
But the chief difference consists in this: The anatomical element microzyma in the vitellus is the organized commencement of all animal organization, and in the ovule of the plant it is the commencement of all plant organization. On the other hand, the microzyma resulting from the destruction of a bacterium is the organized end of all organization.
AND HERE IS SOMETHING STUPENDOUS! The geological microzymas, as well as those of the artificial chalk in my experiment, are organized and living, not only because, without change of form, they are individually figured ferments, but also because under certain conditions, such as those of the fibrin in the experiment described in the first chapter, at the same time that they act as ferments they can again become bacteria by evolution. The microzymas not only possess the sort of perennity of which I spoke; they enjoy also the stupendous duration of the geological epochs from the time the microzymian rocks have been formed down to the present time. And this duration means for us, that the microzymas have been constituted physiologically imperishable. And this last statement must convince us that the microzymas are organized living beings, of a class apart, without analogue.
And it is thus, precisely because the microzymas are, essentially and by destination, autonomous anatomical elements in each anatomical system, becoming what they ought to become in each, by substantial and functional development, parallel with the development of such system in the development of the entire organism, that they are organized living beings of a class apart as above stated.
The following is the experimental proof that this new principle of anatomy and physiology is well founded.
The vitellin microzymas of the egg of the fowl do not pre-exist in the ovule; they are the result of a substantial development, and of the proliferation of the ovular microzymas.
To prove this, it will be sufficient to make the elementary analysis of the microzymas of the vitellus of the fowl's egg, and of those of the ovules remaining in the Graafian vesicle, while these ovules are only a few millimetres in diameter. The following are these analyses:
Vitellin Microzymas Ovular MicrozymasCarbon 52.67% 50.63%Hydrogen 7.17% 7.36%Nitrogen 15.71% 15.67%Oxygen, etc.1
1. See"Memoire sur les matieres albuminoid." p. 161, and the correction in the note on p. 489.
The difference of two per cent, of carbon in the percentage composition answers to great differences in the nature of the proximate principles of these microzymas. I will add that the vitellin microzymas contain much more mineral matter than the ovular. It is thus evident that the microzymas of the ovule become vitellin microzymas by substantial development, while they multiply and the vitellus grows. In short, one may say that the ovular microzymas become vitellin microzymas by maturing.
It would take too long to dwell as long as might be desirable on this result and upon the whole of the chemical, physiological and anatomical phenomena which this ripening necessitates in order that the vitellin microzymas should become fitted to play their part, chemical, physiological and histogenic, during the embryonic development, etc. I must refer the student to what I have said elsewhere.1 What is most important to bear in mind is, that no matter how high one goes [in the scale of living beings] the microzymas are found in the ovule, and that these microzymas are not those which are to be found in the vitellus, but will become them.
1. See Les Microzymas," etc, pp. 487 and following.
All the special facts which I have made known, including the last, authorize me in erecting into a general principle the precise experimental idea; that the microzyma, the final term of the anatomical analysis, is in truth the simple anatomical element which satisfies the conception of Bichat and completely destroys that of living matter not morphologically defined.
The cellularists, it is but fair to recall, regarding the cellule as the simplest anatomical element, believed it proceeded necessarily from a former cellule, omnis cellula e cellula, holding it to be the vital unit, living per se, and regarded an entire organism as the sum of these units. But we now know that that was a deduction from incomplete and superficial observations, for the cellule, a transitory anatomical element, has the microzyma for its anatomical element. It is this which alone possesses all the characters of an anatomical element, living per se, and which must be regarded as the unit of life. It is what I have already stated in the following terms:
"The microzyma is at the beginning and at the end of every living organization. It is the fundamental anatomical element whereby the cellules, the tissues, the organs, the whole, of an organism are constituted living."
Let us devote a few words to develop this idea. Let us penetrate a little further into this notion of a fundamental anatomical element, which, as has been said, implies that the microzyma is the living atom of the organization as the physical atom is the element of the molecule of a simple body. This would be true if the microzyma were unchangeable in its simplicity. But in reality it is essentially mutable, as are all living bodies; and it is especially so, in order that it may fulfil its numerous functions. In fact, the microzymas, functionally different in the different anatomical systems of the same species, and different at all ages, beginning with the embryonal stage, have been primitively those of the vitellus, after having been those of the ovule. A microzyma then is not, properly speaking, an atom; but always anatomically simple, it becomes, by nutrition, that which it needs to become, so as to accommodate itself to each new condition of existence which the successive phases of the development of each anatomical system provide for it. It is thus that even in the embryo, in that which will be the ovary, a category of microzymas becomes again ovular microzymas to recommence the same cycle. I add that, taken as a whole and in its details, the THEORY HAS BEEN CONFIRMED, VERIFIED, CORROBORATED by a great number of other facts of general anatomy and of pathological anatomy and of physiology.1
1. See particularly the notes and publications following:A. Bechamp: Facts useful for the history of the origin of the bacteria. Natural development of these little plants in the frozen parts of certain plants. C. R.. Vol. LXVTII. p. 466(1869).A Estor: Note for use in the history of the microzymas contained in animal cellules. C. R.. Vol. LXVIII. p. 519. It relates to the microzymas in bacterian evolution in a cyst which had just been removed.Bechamp and Estor: On the microzymas of pulmonary tubercle in the cretacious state. C. R., Vol. LXVII, p. 960 (1868). It relates to the discovery of microzymas in a condition of evolution within the tubercle, regarded as the remains of the destroyed epithelium of the pulmonary alveoli.Bechamp and Estor: Facts useful for the history of the microzymas and bacteria. Physiological transformation of bacteria into microzymas and of microzymas into bacteria in the digestive tube of the same animal. C. R., Vol. LXXVI, p. 1143 (1873).Bechamp: Facts useful for the history of the histological construction of the glairine of Molitg. C.R., Vol. LXXVI. p. 1485 (1873).Bechamp: The diseases of the silk worm. C. R.. various notes from 1866 to 1374. They relate to the pebrine, a parasitic disease, and to the flacherie, a microzymian disease, not parasitic.J. Grasset: On the histological phenomena of inflammation. Treatise regarding a new theory, based upon the consideration of the molecular granulations (microzymas). Gazette Med. de Paris, year 1873.E. Baltus: Theory of the Microzyma, a theoretic and practical study of pyogenesis (the formation of pus). Theses of the Faculty of Montpellier, year. 1874, No. 41.J. Bechamp: The microzymas and their functions at the different ages of the same being. Theses of the Faculty of Montpellier, 1875, No. 63.A Bechamp: Microzymas and disease; in "Les Microzymas," etc., p. 744. (Chamalet, 60, Passage Choiseul.)A Bechamp: Puerperal septicaemia, pleurisy, the albuminuria and the preface to Microzymas et Microbes. (Chainalct, 60, Passage Choiseul, Paris.)A. Tripier: Electricity and Cholera. Genesis, prophylaxy and treatment. (Georges Carre, pub. 1884). In this memoir there will be found a comparison of the microbian system and the microzymian theory, highly original and at the same time the conception of what the eminent author terms the individual coefficient.
When by the attentive study of these facts one has become convinced that the microzymian theory is their pure and simple expression, it will be at once recognized that the cellule is already an organ in which, by nutrition, the conditions of the preservation of the microzymas with the constancy and regularity of their chemical and physiological functions are unceasingly realized. And it will thus be understood that the microzymian molecular granulations, whether of certain cellules, of the vitellus, or of the blood, also realize after their manner the conditions of this constancy and regularity. When these conditions are no longer realized they may undergo vibrionian evolution.
The most prominent fact in the history of the microzymas, that which has been the most disputed, precisely because of their capacity to undergo vibrionian evolution, is the fact of their anatomical autonomy. Now this faculty, which is only manifested when the normal conditions of existence of the microzymas, functioning as anatomical elements, are no longer fulfilled, is the best proof which could be given of the change which has happened in their condition, causing their irregular and changed functioning.
In fact, in their various anatomical situations, the microzymas remain morphologically similar to themselves. They function in each cellule, in each organ, in each anatomical system, naturally, chemically and physiologically for themselves while preserving their individuality; at the same time that by coordination, according to the happy and thoroughly scientific expression of Dr. Antoine Cros, they function for the benefit of the microzymian molecular granulations of the cellules, of the organs and of the various anatomical systems taken altogether, whose physiological condition of health is preserved by them.
But if from some etiological cause certain changes happen in an organ, changes such as auscultation or percussion can precisely ascertain, as, for instance, an increase in the volume of the spleen, M. Cross tells us that there is a decoordination, a functional perturbation in the entire organism and disease. It is worth mentioning that from the time Dr. Cros became acquainted with the microzymian theory, he did not hesitate to recognize the microzymas as the anatomical agents of the decoordination; how does it happen?
Among the causes which produce disease, a sudden chill in summer is the one most frequently indicated or invoked. The chill is at the same time an influence and a lowering of temperature. I do not insist on the fact that it is only something living which is painfully affected, so as to confine myself to the physical phenomenon.
But the microzymas are very sensitive to variations of temperature; so much so that even the geological microzymas act regularly only at temperatures near 40° to 42 °C. (= 104° to 107° F.); in fact, the microzymas of the chalk of Sens do not act so as to cause fecula to ferment in a temperature below 38° C. (= 100°.4 F.). Further a very slight lowering of the temperature is sufficient for the egg which should produce a bird not to produce one, and to putrefy or to produce the monsters of Dareste when the heat is not uniformly applied. In fact, the influences of the medium (as if it should become neutral or acid), which modify the activity of the microzymas acting alone, are various.
That which happens to the isolated microzymas happens also to those of the egg and for those of the organism. Suppress the air and the egg does not become a fowl, but undergoes another kind of change.
If from any cause whatever the air does not have access or has an insufficient access to the pulmonary alveolae, and their epithelium becomes the pulmonary tubercle, the cellules become reduced to their microzymas, which are then found in vibrionian evolution in the tubercle in the cretatious state. If the decoordination resulting from an irregular functioning of a part of an anatomical system is sufficient to bring on a malaise which is not removed, there will arise a diseased condition because of a sharp change of the conditions of existence of the microzymian anatomical elements, and the change in the medium sufficient to cause the decoordination will manifest itself by the vibrionian and bacterian evolution of the microzymas of such or such part of the system.
It is thus that in the disease called "Sand de rate" (Anthrax), so thoroughly studied by Davaine, the diseased microzymas end by evolving into what that learned physician called bacteridiae, the blood globules undergoing the changes which are so characteristic. The bacteridiae were not the cause of the diseased condition, but were one of its effects; proceeding from the morbid microzymas they were capable of inducing this diseased condition in the animal whose microzymas were in a condition to receive it. Hence it is seen that the alteration of natural animal matters is spontaneous, and justifies the old aphorism so concisely expressed by Pidoux: "Diseases are born of us and in us."
On the other hand, the disregard of this law of nature, the firm establishment whereof is completed by the present work, necessarily led M. Pasteur to deny the truth of the aphorism, and to imagine a pathogenic panspermy, as he had before conceived, a priori, that there was a panspermy of fermentations. That M. Pasteur after having been a sponteparist should reach such a conclusion was natural enough; he was neither physiologist nor physician, but only a chemist without any knowledge of comparative science.
What is astonishing is, that he should have succeeded in procuring the triumph of a preconceived system among physicians and in academies, and to procure the rejection of the microzymian theory [without examination. Trans.]. For instance, an enlightened physician thus summed up the fundamental proposition of M. Pasteur: "The microbes always come from without; they constitute species which remount from generation to generation up to the origin of the world."1
An eminent surgeon, M. Verneuil, ended by admitting as a demonstrated theorem that there is no spontaneous tetanus, that there is no spontaneous small pox, syphilis, glanders, hydrophobia, tuberculosis, charbon or malignant pustule; declaring that the pathogenic problem consisted solely in discovering how and when the microbe, also called virus, come from without, penetrates into the organism; declaring that the question is thus stated between old medicine and the microbina medicine "with extreme simplicity and without the least ambiguity.2a
1. Gazette medical, Paris, 6th Series. Vol. V, p. 218. This is precisely what M. Chamberland said of micro-organisms in general: "Recherches sur I'origine el le developpement des organismes microscopiques." Theses de la Faculte des Sciences. Parais, 1879. See also "Microzymas et Microbes," p. 25, 2d Ed.
2. C. R_,Vol. CV, p. 552.
[a. There is an implication to be found in the statement of Surgeon Verneuil, though probably not meant by him, to which assent must be given when understood. It is TRUE that there is no such THING as tetanus, small pox. syphilis, etc., as is implied by the general use of nosological terms. Disease is not a thing, an entity: it is a condition, and the error of regarding the condition of disease as an entity has confirmed, where it has not originated, much of the prevailing erroneous treatment of the sick. Nosological terms have a use; it is that of bringing to the mind of the physician a group of pathological symptoms, which may or may not be present in the case of the patient under consideration; from them, when present, the diseased condition of the patient can be recognized and treated.
Unfortunately, through not understanding this truth, attempts are frequently made to treat, not the patient, but the name, which has been given to a collection of morbid symptoms. A broken limb is a thing; the inflammation which results from it is a condition, and if gangrene ensues the gangrene is not a thing, but a condition to be taken into consideration with all the other symptoms in the treatment of the patient. The surgeon, Verneuil, had probably a glimmering perception of this truth, but he misapplied it, for his theory and practice, as a physician, and the theory and practice of nearly all modern medicine assume that the condition to be treated is a thing having a name and this name is treated instead of the patient.—Trans.]
But these assertions (of Surgeon Verneuil) are reduced to nothing, when we call to mind that the pretended germs of the air are only the microzymas of organisms which have disappeared, which had become bacteria by evolution; that even at the Academy of Medicine I said—and no one ventured to contradict me—that no one had ever been able to reproduce a disease on the nosological roll by taking the pretended pathogenic microbe in normal air, but only in the diseased animal. And I add, that just as with time the fibrin-ous microzymas lose the property of decomposing oxygenated water so, as proved long ago by Davaine, after a short time the blood of an animal which had died of anthrax [sang de rate] no longer communicated that diseased condition; and the same is true in all cases.
THUS NORMAL AIR NOT ONLY DOES NOT, BUT CANNOT, CONTAIN THE PRETENDED PATHOGENIC MICROBES, AND THE VERY PRINCIPLE OF MICROBIAN MEDICINE CONSTITUTES A FUNDAMENTAL ERROR.
But no attention was paid to this. Abandoning the famous dogma of the closure of the body to germs from without, it was admitted "that the human organism carries constantly a large number of microbes of many different species" which only await the moment when "the organism being disturbed in its physiological functioning will be given over to the activity of its own microbes; whose presence it had theretofore borne without being affected." M. Jaccond wrote the above [nonsense] with reference to two cases of acute pneumonia following a chill.1
1. "Journal des societes scientifiques," 4 May, 1887, p. 156.
In M. Pasteur's set, M. Jaccond's opinion was accepted; and although their master had declared that the cellules were not living, his disciples imagined that the leukocytes (under the name of phagocytes) were living like amoeba and able to perform movements called amaeboid. And it was imagined that these phagocytes formed themselves into troops to pursue and devour the microbes. There was thus a phagocytosis,a- which was trumpeted forth as providential. The precise knowledge of the blood reduces to its just value this latest form of the struggle against the microzymian theory. Of all the suppositions and fancies of M. Pasteur, there remains only, even for his disciples, that which consists in admitting a sole cause, the germs or microbes of the air, to explain the phenomena of fermentations and disease.
Nevertheless all physicians did not think as did Verneuil or as did M. Jaccond. Before 1866, while the triumph of the microbian medicine was in full swing, Dr. A. Tripier did not admit that there was a microbe come from without to be considered. His attention had been drawn to the new opinions by considering how frequently in the classical books of medicine a sudden chill led to everything. Here is the masterly way in which he explained it:
[These words must be erased from the language of science. Trans.]
"It is not at the time when the consideration of the individual coefficient tends to take a larger and larger place in nosological speculations that we must return to a simple etiology which has been rightly questioned. I am far from pretending that the savants to whom we are indebted for such interesting researches in the direction of specific causes design to bring everything within it, but those who do not exhibit that much prudence must be reminded that to constitute a morbid state the concurrence of many conditions are indispensable, that however specific it may be, a single cause is no cause at all."
It was thus that M. Tripier placed in parallel lines etiology according to the ancient medicine and the microbian medicine. I will state later the profound meaning of the expression, drawn from algebra,a or "individual coefficient". Let us say, at first, that it has been supposed that maladies resulting from specific causes are poisonings by living matters capable of reproducing themselves in the organism. The mechanism of these poisonings, says M. Tripier, "has been explained in many ways without being permitted to reject one on account of another."
"According to M. Pasteur," said he, "the multiplication of microbes would be the consequence of the introduction of germs introduced from without. For M. Bechamp the microbe a1 might proceed from a special mode of evolution of living molecular granulations which he named microzymas, granulations which exist in all protoplasm, the vicious evolution whereof might be regarded as causes independent of the introduction of leaven of foreign origin."
The radical difference between the principle of the microbian medicine and that of the microzymian theory of disease is thus clearly expressed. The microzymas are not then the cause of disease, but by their defective or morbid functional evolution under the various influences whereof I have spoken, their evolution may become vibrionian. It was only through the ambiguity that M. Pasteur succeeded in creating, that M. Tripier was able to say that I had admitted that the microbe proceeded from the microzyma, and that later M. Jaccond thought that the microzymas are the special microbes of the human organism.1
[a. The term "individual coefficient" was first introduced to indicate the amount and direction of errors which each individual astronomer was prone to commit.—Trans.]
[a. The term microbe, introduced for the sole purpose of drowning the grand discoveries of Bechamp, is, as presently shown, an etymological solecism.—Trans.]
1. This is how the ambiguity was created. The surgeon, Sedillot, thoughtlessly invented the word microbe as a name for the vibrioniens, which eventually Davaine regarded as the living agents of disease. M, Pasteur, heedless of the inacurracy, even from an etymological point of view of this word applied to a microscopic being of immense longevity, adopted it to designate the micro-organized ferments; thus beer yeast was a microbe, as also the bacteridia of Davaine.
He went further, and in a book published under his auspices he permitted the following definition to appear: "Under the name of microscopic beings or microbes are meant all living beings too small to be seen by the naked eye, all those which can only be seen with the aid of instruments which can enlarge them a great number of times, such as the small worm called trichina, which produces trichinosis, and an acarus, which produces the itch..." The work from which the above is quoted appeared in 1833 with a preface by M. Pasteur. Here we perceive how all diseases are regarded as parasitic on the same ground as the itch, and how the microzymas have become to be miscalled microbes!
To appreciate the antinomy between the microbian system and the microzymian theory, and to give to this work its practical utility by showing that the theory explains what the system is powerless to make clear, it will be sufficient to recall the two fundamental facts upon which rest the fabric of the demonstration that the blood is a flowing tissue, and, like all tissues, is spontaneously alterable.
The first is that a mixture of proximate principles, under the specified conditions, is naturally unalterable; but on contact with a limited or unlimited quantity of common air the same mixture always changes, owing to the various ferments which develop in it from the germs carried in this air. This mixture then does not alter spontaneously.
The second, that a natural animal matter, tissue, or humor, withdrawn from a living animal in perfect health, and under the same conditions, inevitably alters, even when absolutely protected from the air and its germs. Natural animal matter then is spontaneously alterable.
It is also desirable to recall: First, that the differences in the nature of the two orders of substances is such, that in the alteration of the former the micro-organisms consist of several categories of different species; while in the alteration of the latter only one category is to be found, viz., the microzymas, and afterwards, most frequently, the vibrioniens, products of their evolution; second, that, corroborating the facts, creosote in adequate quantity hinders the alteration of the former in contact with a limited volume of air, preventing the appearance of ferments; while the same quantity does not hinder the alteration of the latter, nor, in suitable cases, the vibrionian evolution of the microzymas.
Of these two facts M. Pasteur has only regarded the first and has denied the second, and it is because he and savants who have trusted to his word have looked upon the animal body only as organs constituted of a mixture of immediate principles—protoplasm—where nothing exists capable of becoming a vibrionien, that they have thought that the microbe coming from without is the sole cause of the alteration of this mixture and of disease. Now if the organism were what they think, and the sole cause of disease were what they say, a mixture of immediate principles necessarily altering an exposure to the air, every one would, of equal necessity, become diseased; but even in times of epidemics the majority are not attacked! An explanation of this fact has been sought in the microbe itself and in other considerations of the like order; but they are all worthless, for if the air contains that which changes the mixture, it does not contain that which causes disease.
The old medicine explained the immunity of the living by the receptivity, the predisposition, which those who are not attacked do not possess. M. Tripier, more precise, invokes the individual coefficient. But a mixture of proximate principles which, when exposed to the air, is always ready to be altered enjoys no immunity!
In exact language one can only speak of receptivity of the individual coefficient, of that which is regarded as a living body. But what is a living body? What is life?
Life, say some, is a special force, manifesting itself in ponderable matter. J. R. Mayer denies this. However it may be, they, the former, speak of a physical theory of life. We have seen that, according to Pasteur, life is that which elaborates the proximate principles, the natural substances of which the organism is composed.
Bichat said: "Life is the totality of the functions which resist death." But what is life? What is death? And what is the individual coefficient in the microzymian theory? For there is no longer any question of protoplasm!
Bichat said that life was a property of tissue because he regarded elementary tissues as the living elements of organized beings, which, in his view, possessed in themselves a permanent principle of reaction which enabled them to resist the causes of destruction which surround them.
The microzymian theory verifies the conception of Bichat even on this point; in fact:
The microzyma is the fundamental anatomical element, autonomically living, proliferating, while remaining morphologically similar to itself. It is in reality an apparatus whose functions manifest themselves, in a medium which realizes the conditions of its existence, by chemical reactions which cause it to produce the special zymases depending upon its special nature and the various proximate principles varying according to the place and the medium where it functions in the organism. Isolated from the organism and consequently in new conditions, as in the case of fibrin, there are some which act like lactic ferment with regard to fecula, etc.
In short, the microzymas resist so well the ordinary causes of destruction that, in the calcareous and other rocks, geological microzymas are to be found, now living, which functioned as anatomical elements of the animals of the epoch of those rocks. Here then we have the organized being, living per se, physiologically imperishable, unsuspected until I described it.a It is in it alone, functioning as an anatomical element, wherein resides the permanent principle of reaction which enables the organisms, whereof it composes the cellules, the tissues, the organs, to preserve themselves by nutrition and resist the athmotelluric (Tripier) conditions which
[a. Literally "of which I spoke," but the real meaning is as given above in my translation.—Trans.]
unceasingly tend to destroy them. And as there is no anatomical element simpler than the microzyma, and none other like it, resistant to total destruction, if we call life the totality of the anatomical properties which render the microzymas constructors of cellules by synthesis, and capable of becoming bacteria or vibrios by evolution; and the aggregate of the physiological and chemical energies which enable them to produce the zymases and to nourish themselves by transforming for their own use the materials of the medium in the anatomical systems wherein they function, eliminating at the same time that which they disassimilate after having used it, it must surely be admitted that LIFE is, in them allied, it is true, to matter, but to the matter in the structured organization, morphologically defined, and not simply to ponderable matter. So much for the general statement.
We now know that the microzymas are functionally different in the various anatomical systems of the same animal, and that they may be functionally different also in the same organs of the same structure in man and animals. It thence results that it is not always permissible in experimenting to draw conclusions from one animal to another and least of all to man. So that if we could admit with Bichat that life is a property of tissue, this property is not the same in all the tissues of the same structure and in their microzymas.
I will endeavour to explain my opinion upon the cause which leads to one kind of zymas being produced by one microzyma and another kind by another microzyma.
If there is the life of a microzyma, the life of a cellule and that of the organs of an anatomical system, there is also the life of the organized WHOLE. This necessarily results from the coordinated entirety of the particular lives of the organs and I hence of the individual lives of the microzymas which function in it. It is this view of the functions which Bichat called I he entirety of the functions which resist death.
But if the microzyma is physiologically imperishable, what is the death of the living whole? It is the opposite of that which constitutes its life, viz.: the absolute decoordination of the functions of the microzymas.
It is thus that in a part abstracted from a living animal, muscle or blood, etc., nothing is dead; but the microzymas, the only things antonomically living, being in decoordination, are no longer in their normal condition of existence; they now function only for themselves, determining the changes which attend the disorganizations of the tissues and the destruction of the cellules."
Now what is the meaning of the happy expression, "individual coefficient," introduced into medical language by M. Tripier? As in algebra a quantity is said to be a function of another upon which it depends, so in the microzymian theory it may be said that an organism, a cellule, are quantities which are functions of the microzymas which compose it and upon which it depends. Thus the expression of coefficient applied to the number which multiplies these quantities can be readily understood.
The individual coefficient is the factor which increases or diminishes in the microzymas the sum of the energy which enables them to resist the various causes which, by disturbing their functioning, determine morbidity in them, and thence disease and death.
The factor, whatever it may be, being the same, the variable, that is to say, the microzyma, differing, the result will necessarily vary. Now it is a proven fact, the microzymas are functionally different in the species, in the races and even in the individual, according to sex and age, in the different anatomical systems; the individual coefficient then is relative to the functional differences of the microzymas of the individual.
The state of perfect health results from the constancy and regularity of the coordinated functioning of all the organs the microzymas whereof are anatomically and physiologically healthy; for even, in the state of coordination, it is necessary to take into account heredity, diatheses, atavism, which may in some way have affected the particular microzymas of the individual.
The individual coefficient then is a complex constant dependent upon the particular coefficients of such or such functional systems of the individual.
To return to the blood, here is a typical example which justifies the above considerations.
I said that in anthrax (sang de rate) the bacteridia, regarded as specific cause, were the result of the vicious evolution of the microzymas of the blood, become morbid as the consequence of a decoordination, M. Jaccond would say, of some disturbance in the physiological functioning of the organism.
But it is evident that if the interior medium were inert or passive, this decoordination, in such a mixture of proximate principles, would be an effect without a cause, nothing leading it to become disturbed in its supposed functioning; for such a mixture has been shown to be unalterable of itself; while on the contrary it would immediately, infallibly, be placed in a condition of alteration determined by the agent, microbe, or specific ferment come from without. In short, on the hypothesis of a pure interior medium, a mixture of proximate principles, for a soil of culture, as it is called, for the microbe whose multiplication is poisonous, all the sheep would be equally susceptible, especially in times of epidemic, to contract anthrax (sang de rate) under identical circumstances, by contagion, and in all cases by inoculation.
Well, this does not happen. The adult sheep of the race called the African sheep is refractory to anthrax; it does not contract the disease by contagion, and generally not even by inoculation. The individual coefficient is not the same under identical circumstances, for the French sheep and for that of Africa. And as proof that the coefficient differs according to age, it is enough to state that the African lamb is not refractory, while the adult sheep of the same race is. Let us then say that the microzymas in the blood of the African adult sheep are among those which, even when ill treated, do not undergo that vicious alteration which would make them become carbuncular; with the lambs of the same race it is otherwise.
If the internal medium were the mixture imagined by microbian medicine, the foregoing facts would be incapable of explanation. For the medium would be inert and passive; since it has been proved that such a mixture is always disposed to allow the multiplication of the microzyma or of another like specific ferment able to alter it for its (the ferment's) own nourishment, and which medium without the ferment would be unalterable under other ordinary athmotelluric influences, cold, etc. It is the individual coefficient in relation to the functional differences of the microzymas of the subjects which alone explains the immunity of some, the susceptibility of others, since it has been demonstrated that in the interior medium there is nothing autonomically living, acting and physiologically impressionable except the microzymas.
In the language of the old medicine, immunity, susceptibility, is the capacity of the living organism to resist an impression, not to undergo, or to undergo the influence of external or internal agents. The microzymian theory adopts this thoroughly physiological language since it is only the microzymas of the living organism which can receive impressions and suffer or not suffer their influence; that is to say, resist or not resist the perturbing causes of their functioning according as the individual coefficient is abnormal or normal.
But what proof have we of this resistance, and of the mechanism of the harmlessness of the microzymas from without? The following is one I have given of it.
The isolated microzyma of beer yeast performs the function of a lactic ferment, producing little alcohol; in its function of anatomic element in the globule of beeryeast it never produces lactic acid. The young yeast, vigorous, acting strongly on cane sugar, even in contact with the air and with the addition of the chalk whose microzymas always effect lactic fermentation, still does not produce lactic acid; it resists, and microzymas of the chalk when added also fail to produce it.
But if the beer yeast be old, in some respect altered,a and even protected from the air, it will produce lactic acid, and the more, if calcareous rock or even pure carbonate of lime has been added. There we have the immunity of the beeryeast organism and its acquired susceptibility; the immunity which enabled it to resist the influence of the microzymas of the air and of the chalk, annihilating their influence; the susceptibility which enabled these microzymas to produce lactic acid without hindering those of the chalk in performing their work. Here we have the picture of the immunity and of the susceptibility of the microzymas of the cellules and of the tissues of the internal medium of an animal organism."a1
[a. The French text is aleree, which, I believe, to be a press error fur alteree.—Trans.)
[a1. We are here presented with a forcible illustration of the reckless ignorance of those physicians who practice the inoculation of organic poisons, such as the products of diseased conditions known as vaccines, anti-toxines, etc., upon man and other animals, whether as preventives or as remedies. Even the changes mentioned in the text, as some of the results of the learnedly devised experiments of Prof. Behamp, are unknown to these gentlemen; and, absolutely ignorant of what effect such inoculations may have upon the life forces, i.e., the microzymas of their victims, they arrogantly insist that their ignorance is learning, and induce a degeneration among those races who, recognizing their ignorance, place their faith in men as ignorant as themselves!—Trans.]
In microbian medicine the language of the old medicine is without meaning, since the former admits that one sole cause produces the disease and the alteration by fermentation of organic matter in general, making no distinction between the internal medium and a mixture of proximate principles.
The insuperable contradiction which exists between the microbian doctrines and the microzymian theory of the living organization brings into strong relief the justice of the aphorism of M. Tripier. A single cause for the disease and for the alteration or fermentation of proximate principles, however specific it may be, is no cause at all (est une cause nulle).
Yes, "the sole cause" is no cause, for I have demonstrated beyond dispute that there do not exist (I do not say germs, the word now is unsuitable) pre-existing microzymas, pathogenic or not; but there do exist microzymas, the living remains of bacteria derived by evolution from the anatomical microzymas of organisms which have disappeared or are disappearing beneath our eyes.
I limit here these considerations, referring the reader to my earlier publications for developments, which the present work completes and corroborates.1
1. For general pathology, see the three last conferences of "Les Microzymas,"etc. For special pathology, the communications, "Sur la septicaemic puerperale," "Sur la Pleuresie" and "Sur les albuminuries," in "Microzymas et Microbes." And for the physiological theory of fermentation, as well as for the true theory of nutrition, various chapters of the same works. (Chamalet, publisher, 60, Passage Choiseul, Paris.)
And now I hope it will be confessed that the error, common to all contemporary experimenters who have sought to discover the cause of the phenomenon of the spontaneous coagulation of the blood, also that of other equally spontaneous alterations, or who, like M. Pasteur, maintain the natural inalterability alike of the blood, as of all natural organic matters, is that they have regarded protoplasm as a mixture of pure proximate principles, and have held as dogma that this mixture was living and organized, although not morphologically constituted. At last I hope that it will be recognized that the discovery of the microzymas verifies the time-honored conception of Bichat, according to which, that only is living in any organism whatever, which is structured, morphologically determinate.
It is the agreement of the microzymian theory of the living organism with the brilliant conception of Bichat which gives to the theory of the blood as a flowing tissue and to the physiological and anatomical theory of its coagulation and other spontaneous alterations their highest degree of certainty.
Under the form of conclusions is here given a succinct summary of the totality of the fundamental facts, the discovery whereof has led to that of the true anatomical and chemical constitution of the blood and to the explanation of its spontaneous alterations.
(1) Ordinary air, near the earth, contains living microscopical objects called germs, and these germs are essentially microzymas.
(2) Proximate principles, and any mixture of such principles are unalterable in the presence of water, of a limited volume of air at ordinary temperature when a little creosote has been first added; and such proximate principles under such conditions do not permit any organized being to appear.
(3) Natural organic matters, vegetable or animal, tissues and humors, under like experimental conditions, always change of themselves, by a phenomenon of fermentation, and at the same time the microzymas, give birth to vibrioniens by evolution.
(4) The fibrin of the blood is not a proximate principle; it is a false membrane containing microzymas, whereof the intermicrozymian gangue is a specialized albuminoid substance.
(5) It is owing to its microzymas that fibrin decomposes oxygenated water, that it liquifies starch of amidon and that it can be dissolved, undergoing chemical change, in very dilute hydrochloric acid.
(6) The microzymas of fibrin in liquified starch undergo vibrionian evolution notwithstanding the presence of creosote.
(7) Fibrin liquifies spontaneously in carbolized water without the microzymas undergoing vibrionian evolution.
(8) The fibrinous microzymas are special; they can produce lactic and butyric fermentation in liquified starch.
(9) Natural albuminoid matters are mixtures, reducible by direct analysis into exactly defined proximate principles.
(10) The albuminoid matters reduced to proximate principles are very complex molecules composed of less complex ones, amides and their derivatives of the fatty and aromatic series. There exist of such less complex molecules, constituting an albuminoid molecule, quaternaries like urea, quinaries like taurine, which is sulphuretted; like hematosine, which is ferruginous; casein, in addition to the sulphuretted molecule, contains one which is phosphuretted; it has then six elements.
(11) There are several fibrins constituted as are those of the blood.
(12) There are a great number of different specific albumens which coagulation does not differentiate.
(13) The zymas are special albuminoid matters, likewise definable as proximate principles; they are always a functional product of the microzymas.
(14) The yellow liquid of the blood, besides its albumen, contains a haemozymas.
(15) The haemoglobin of the red corpuscle, reduced to a
definite proximate principle, decomposes oxygenated water by its noncomplex feruginous molecule, haematosine, and becomes colorless.
(16) The red corpuscle of the blood is a true cellule, having a cell-wall and its proper content. This content is constituted especially of haemoglobin and micro-zymian-molecular-granulations, the microzymas whereof decompose oxygenated water as do those of the fibrin.
(17) The blood contains a third anatomical element, the haematic-microzymian-molecular-granularions. It is the albumenoid atmosphere of these granulations which form, by allotropic transformation, the intermicrozymian gangue of the false membrane called fibrin.
(18) The flowing tissue is a content, whereof the vessels, arteries, veins and their appendages form the container.
(19) The three orders of anatomical elements of the flowing tissue only find their conditions of existence complete in their containers during life.
(20) After issuing from the vessels these conditions of existence being no longer fulfilled, the alteration of the flowing tissue commences.
(21) The microzymas of the different parts of the circulatory system possess alike the property of decomposing oxygenated water without being absolutely characteristic of them, for the microzymas of almonds and of other parts of plants and of beer yeast also possess this property. But there are animal tissues whose microzymas do not disengagethe oxygen of oxygenated water.
(22) The microzymas, anatomical elements, are living beings of a special order without analogue.
(23) The spontaneous changes of natural animal matters, whether the microzymas have or have not undergone vibrionian evolution, thanks to free access of air, lead always under certain conditions to the complete destruction by oxydation of the product of those changes; that is to say, reduce them to the mineral condition, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen. But the microzymas under whose influence the oxydation is effected are not attacked; in such wise that all which is purely proximate principle in a tissue, in a cellule and in the bacterium, having undergone total destruction, the microzymas remain, and bear testimony to the existence of the vanished organization.
(24) The geological microzymas of certain calcareous rocks and of chalk, those of the dust of the streets and of the air also bear testimony to the microzymas which functioned as anatomical elements in the tissues of organisms of geological epochs even as they function in those of the present time.
(25) That which in the air have been called germs are essentially the microzymas of the entire destruction of a living organism.
(26) Normal air contains neither pre-existing germs nor the things which have been improperly termed microbes, supposed to ascend from age to age to parents resembling them.
(27) The air contains normally no pathogenic microzymas. The carbon bacteridium of Davaine is the product of the evolution of diseased microzymas, either of haematic-microzymian-molecular-granulations, or those of the blood globules.
(28) There is no living matter which is not morphologically defined; that which has been called protoplasm in the cellule always contains microzymas as anatomical elements.
Here, for persons whom it may interest, follows a list of memoirs and articles wherein may be found the historical succession of the ideas which have enabled the resume contained in the postface to be written:
On the influence which pure water or water charged with various salts exercise at a low temperature (a froid) upon cane sugar (moulds and spontaneous generations). Annales de chimie et de physique. 3e serie, Vol. XLVIII (1855 and 1856). C. R., Vol. XL, p. 436. and Vol. XLVI, p. 44, and Annales de chimie et de Physique, 3e serie. Vol. LIV, p. 28 (1858).
Memoir upon generations called spontaneous and upon ferments. Annales de la Societe Linne de Maine et Loire, Vol. VI (1863), and see C. R.. Vol. LVII. p. 958.
Note upon alcoholic fermentation. C. R,, de 1'Academic des Sciences, Vol. LVIII, page 601 (1864), and Montpellier Medical, Vol. XII.
Upon alcoholic fermentation. Reply to M. Berthelot C. R., Vol. LVIII, p. 1116 (1864).
On some new soluble ferments (Anthozymas). C. R.. Vol. LIX. p. 496 (1864).
On the origin of the ferments of wine. C. R,, Vol. LIX p. 626 (1864).
On the escape of heat as a product of alcoholic fermentation. C. R., Vol. LX, p. 241 (1865).
Memoir upon nefrozymase. Montp. Med.. Vols. XIV and XV.
On the cause which matures wines. C. R.. Vol. LXI. p. 408 (1865), and Vol. LXIX. p. 892 (1869).
On physiological exhaustion and on the vitality of beer-yeast. C. R., Vol. LXI, p. 689 (1865).
On the harmlessness of the vapors of creosote in the breeding of the silkworm. C. R. Vol LXII p 1341 (1866).
On the parasitic disease of the silk worm. C. R., Vol. LXIII. pp. 311, 341, 391, 425, 552, 693, 1 147 ( 1866), Vol. LXIV, pp. 231, 873,980, 1042, 1043. 1185 (1867); Vol. LXV, p. 42; Vol. LXVI, p. 1 160 (1868)-Vol I .XVII. pp. 102. 443 (1868); Vol. LXLX, p. 159 (1869).
(On the role of the calcareous earths in butyric and lactic fermentations, and of the living organisms which they contain (microzymas). C. R., Vol. LXIII, p. 451 (1866).
Microzymas in the waters of Vergeze. C.R.,Vol.LXIII, p.559, and Bull.Soc.Ch.,Vol.VI,p.9,and Vol. VII, p. 159 (1866).
On the role of the microscopic organisms of the mouth in digestion, and especially in the formation of the salivary diastase: in common with Prof. Estor and Saintpierre. Mont. Med., Vol. XIX
On the molecular granulations of fermentations and of the tissues of animals (microzymas). C. R., Vol I, XVI. pp. 366. 1382(1868).
On the nature and function of the microzymas of the liver; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R,. Vol. UCVI, i I, 'I (IHftS).
On the origin and development of the bacteria; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R.. Vol. LXVI, p. 859 (IHftH)
On the reduction of nitrates and sulphates in cenain fermentations. C. R., Vol. LXVI, p. 547 IIIU.H)
On the spontaneous alcoholic and acetic fermentation of eggs. C. R.. Vol. LXVII. p. 523 (1868).
On the microzymas of pulmonary tubercle in the cretacious state; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R., Vol. LXVII. p 9600 (1868)
Facts to serve for the history of the origin of bacteria; natural development of these little plants in the frozen parts of several plants. C. R., Vol. LXVIII. p. 466; Mont Med., Vol. XXII, p. 320 (1869).
Conclusions relating to the nature of the mother of vinegar and the microzymas in general. C. R., Vol I XVIII, p, 877; Gazette Medicale de Paris, 8 May, 1869.
On the alcoholic fermentation by the microzymas of the liver. C. R., Vol. LXVIII, p. 1567 (1869).
Researches relating to the microzymas of the blood and the nature of fibrin; jointly with Prof. Estor. C.R Vol. LXIXp 713 (1869).
Note for use in the history of the microzymas contained in animal cellules; by Prof. Estor. C. R., Vol. LXVII, p 529
On the nature and origin of the blood globules; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R, Vol. LXX, p. 265 (1870)
On the geological microzymas of divers sources. C. R., Vol LXX p. 914 (1870).
On the carbonic and alcoholic fermentations of sodic acetate and of ammonium oxalate. C. R., Vol. LXX. p 69 (1870).
See also:
On the circulation of carbon in nature and the instruments of this circulation; exposition of a chemical theory of the life of the organized cellule; by A. Bechamp, Paris, Asselin; Montpellier, Seguin.
Of the microzymas of the higher organisms; by Messrs. A. Bechamp and A. Estor. Mont. M ed., Vol. XXIV, p. 32.
Exposition of the physiological theory of fermentation, according to the researches of Prof. Bechamp, by M. Estor. Messager du Midi (1865).
[The student is to understand that the above list comprises but a small fraction of the scientific work of the late Professor A. Bechamp; a fuller list, though still imperfect, occupies eight of the large folio pages of the Moniteur Scientifique (Paris) for December, 1908, and these labors were spread over fifty-three years, from 1853 to 1905 inclusive. Genius, has been defined as, in one aspect at least, the "faculity for taking infinite pains," and this faculty was possessed by M. Bechamp in an almost infinite degree.
The world has yet to learn how much it owes to this remarkable genius. The acknowledgment will be resisted by all those interests which fatten upon the ignorance and trusting confidence of the people. But thanks to his researches and discoveries it cannot be long before the medical profession will recognise the dangerous errors into which it has been led by those who succeeded in establishing a "conspiracy of silence" around Bechamp and his discoveries.—Trans.]
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To place beyond dispute the autonomy of the microzymas it is necessary to bring into prominence the facts and observations which prove that the existence of the microzymas as living beings has not been suspected by those naturalists who have studied the infusoria, nor yet by the anatomists who have studied the cellules and the tissues.
Demonstration that the microzymas, autonomous anatomical elements in living organisms, are living beings, morphologically determined, belonging to a category of their own, having no analogue.
Let us first get rid of the hypotheses that the microzymas are either the bacterium termo, or the Monas crepusculum, or the Micrococcus, or the spores of bacteria.
It is to be borne in mind that I gave the name of microzyma at first to the geological figured ferment of the chalk of Sens and of another calcareous earth; that I have discovered this ferment in other calcareous rocks, always of a spherical form, very brilliant, having the brownian movement and smaller than all the vibrioniens described by authors.' Ehrenberg described (in the chalk) the remains of fossil microscopic organisms called Polythalamies and Nautilites, but makes no mention either of Monas crepusculum nor of Bacterium punctum. In fact, none of the microzymas can be confounded with those described by Ehrenberg under those names. The microzymas are even smaller than the Bacterium termo, the smallest of the known infusoria, the first term of the animal kingdom, according to Felix Dujardin.
Nevertheless the microzymas had been seen in cloudy infusions of vegetable and animal matters, but they were taken for "the active molecules of Robert Brown"; that is to say, for molecules having the staggering or scintillating movement without change of place, called "brownian movement," and no further attention was paid to them.
In fact, the microzymas are neither the Bacterium punctum, nor the Monas crepusculum, nor even the Bacterium termo, which is much smaller than they. It will be sufficient to establish this fact by referring to the description of these monas, etc., given by F. Dujardin, in his "Historie Naturelle des Zoophytes," Infusoria, pp. 215 and 279.
On the other hand, if these bacteria, these monads, these micrococci, belong to determined species, it is contrary to the data of natural history to regard them as capable of being transformed into other genera and species of vibrioniens, as we see the microzymas produce them by evolution; the suggestion that the microzymas are the spores of schizomycetes is also untenable for the following reasons: A spore is a seminulum, or an egg, if according to the old view, the bacteria are animals, and search has been made for the eggs of bacteria; a grain, if according to the new creed the bacteria are vegetable; egg or grain, a spore cannot multiply itself as the microzyma does, and cannot therefore be the same thing.
Take the microzymas of the ovule in the Graafian vesicle in the fowl, and the microzymas of the vitellus of the mature egg. In the ovule there are ovular microzymas, in the vitellus, vitelline microzymas. At a given moment there are, say, a milligramme of microzymas in the ovule, and there are two or three grammes dried at 100° C. (I have isolated and weighed them) in the vitellus.1
They have then multiplied prodigiously during the development of the vitellus.2
So much then for the anatomical analysis for the egg of the fowl, and the chemical analysis shows that the elementary composition of the ovular microzymas is not the same as that of the vitellin, the former, as will be seen, being less carbonized; evidently their composition changed in the process of multiplication.3
Chemical analysis has further demonstrated that the vitellin microzymas of several species of birds differ from those of the fowl in their composition and especially in the properties of their respective zymases.4 This accords exactly with the microzymian theory, for it is evident that the microzymas are what they should be specifically, in order that, by incubation, the egg should produce the proper bird, its tissues, and all that pertains to its future being. And it has been demonstrated that during the development of the being, parallel with the anatomical development by the multiplication of the microzymas, there is a functional development of these, so that in each anatomical system they become that which they successively are in the embryo, in the foetus, in the adult, etc.
1. See the Memoir on The Albuminoid Mailers, pp. 140 and following.2. For the mode of multiplication of the microzymas see "Les Microzymas," pp. 490 and following.3. The Memoir above mentioned, p. 162.4. See J. Bechamp, "Normal and pathological albumins," pp. 77 and following.
If the hypothesis that the microzymas are the spores of bacteria were true, it would be necessary that there should first have existed in the circumambient atmosphere as many species of these spores as there are species of animal and vegetable ovules; next it would be necessary for these spores to penetrate as far as, and into the ovule, and should there multiply to fill up the vitellus of the egg of the fowl.
I need go no further, for there are still otherwise enormous difficulties, when we take into consideration the microzymas of the developed being, which are so different from the embryonal and foetal microzymas! But it now lies with the opponents of the microzymian theory to demonstrate the existence of these spores and of their penetration as far as, and into, the ovules and their multiplication.
We have thus discarded the hypothesis opposed to that of autonomy. It is also discarded by the following consideration, which deserves being underscored.
Shortly before M. Pasteur's admission in 1886 of the presence of the microzymas in the altered blood of his experiment, he had, for the purpose of denying them, asserted that the microzymas were the molecular granulations "which we all know." This was to his confreres of the Academy.
Yes, histologists and anatomo-pathologists knew them and represented them by a "stippling" in their figures of special tissues.
But their name even betrayed the opinion that they were neither organized nor living; in effect, the qualification of molecular was intended to indicate that it meant only small collections of some sort of matter; thus they were described as white, gray, minerals, fats, albuminoids, etc. They were even described as possessing the brownian movement; nevertheless, before the discovery of the microzymas, no one thought of connecting them either with the bacterium punctum or the monas crepusculum.
They were connected with anatomical organisms as being the remains of tissues, of destroyed cellules, or as amorphous matter; no one dreamed of making them come from outside. No consideration of the anatomical-molecular-granulations had anything to do with the discovery of the microzymas, but, as I have shown above, purely chemical considerations.
No, the molecular granulations are not the microzymas.
And from the time of our first note, Estor and I have stated that the microzymas exist only among the anatomical objects which in histology are called molecular granulations. But we held the microzymas to be autonomous anatomical elements; a more careful anatomical analysis enabled me to demonstrate that there exist naked microzymas and microzymas in the condition which I have termed microzymian molecular granulations.
Thus is disproved another gratuitous and erroneous assertion!
I return to the microzymas. I had described them from the commencement as being chemically and physiologically figured ferments, producers of zymases, which are called soluble ferments, and were placed in the same category as me figured ferments which are insoluble. Biologically, I distinguished them as being such as by evolution could become vibrionien, a fact which we have seen to be verified in every sense.
But in the experiments on spontaneous alterations, or fermentations, wherein microzymas become bacteria, we have seen that these were destroyed and that vibrioniens more and more minute appeared in their place, so that at last there remained only of these bacteria the forms nearest to the microzymas; in the same manner consequently, that by their destruction the cellules set their microzymas free, the bacteria in their complete destruction reproduce microzymas similar to those of the chalk, and we will now see how that is.
In the experiments on the spontaneous alterations of natural animal matters, the substances, which in a chemical sense are termed organic, which result from transformations by fermentation under the influence of the microzymas, before and after their vibrionian evolution, with or without the setting free of gas, are never entirely destroyed; that is to say, they are not reduced to a mineral condition, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen, etc.; for such destruction oxygen is necessary under conditions which reproduce those realized in geological epochs.
When I had discovered the microzymas in the chalk and in other calcareous rock, and became convinced that they were not dependent on atmospheric germs, I asked myself if they were not the living remains of organized being which had disappeared in geologic times.1 This hypothesis was verified in the following manner:
A kitten was killed and buried between two beds of pure carbonate of lime, and left in a cylindrical glass vessel, covered with a small quantity of paper in such wise that the air had free access to it, but its dust was excluded. The experiment lasted seven years. Every part of the body, except some fragments of bone, had disappeared. The carbonate of lime was perfectly white, so complete had been the work of destruction. Under the microscope, nothing was to be seen in the upper layers of the carbonate except microscopic crystals of aragonite of this carbonate; but in the beds adjacent to the place, and underneath, where the kitten had been, and beneath, there were crowds of glittering motile microzymas, such as are to be seen in the chalk of Sens, etc.
And with this kind of artificial calcareous rock, containing the microzymas of an animal of the present day, I was able to repeat the experiments on fermentation which I had made with the chalk of Sens and with other calcareous rocks, both lacustrine and marine.2 Such was the first experimental verification of the hypothesis that the microzymas of the chalk and of calcareous rocks are the organized remains, still living, of the beings which lived in the geological ages of the earths to which those rocks belonged. Read the note of the Comptes Rendus which I have just cited and you will be convinced that this verification has also been its vindication.
1. C. R.. Vol. LXX p. 914 (1870).2. Conference at the Congress of the French Association for the Advancement of Science. Nantes (1875).
I have said that the microzymas of the artificial chalk were the microzymas of an animal of the present epoch, but this needs some modification in terms to be quite accurate. They were the microzymas of the bacteria which the normal microzymas of the animal had first become by evolution. By fresh experiments I have learned that the microzymas of an entire body, or of the liver, of the heart, of the lungs, of the kidneys, under the conditions of my experiment become bacteria in the first phases of the phenomenon, these then disappear, becoming again microzymas, while the rest of the mailer already transformed is, under (heir influence, and with access of air, reduced to the mineral state, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen, etc.1 And I have demonstrated that whereas in the climate of Montpellier seven years were required to accomplish this, a much longer time would be needed in a colder climate, so that in a climate such as that of the Obi valley centuries were required.
It was then a legitimate conclusion that the microzymas of the calcareous rocks, of the clays, of the marls; in short, of all the rocks which contain them, are the organized and living remains of beings which had been living, of animals and plants of the geologic epochs; that these beings were histologically constituted as are the beings of our epoch, that their microzymas, during their destruction, had become bacteia by evolution, and that the microzymas, geological ferments, of these rocks, are those of these bacteria destroyed in their turn and reduced to their microzymas.
1. See "Les Microzymas," etc., pp. 624 and following. See also note: C. R., Vol. LXX, p. 914, "Les Microzymas," etc., p. 952.
It is not surprising then that, having long pursued the anticipated consequences of the hypothesis now verified, I have demonstrated the presence of the microzymas in the earths of the garrigues of the departments of Herault and of Card, in cultivated lands generally, in moor lands, in the alluvials, in the waters, in the dust of the streets, where they are to be found in crowds; often still in the condition of bacteria, proving that, like those of the calcareous rocks, they are energetic ferments. And already, prior to 1867, I had made known their role in the soil in agriculture.
These researches led to a result of very great importance; it was the demonstration that what was and still is called germs of the air are essentially nothing other than the microzymas of beings which have lived, but have disappeared or are being destroyed before our eyes. In fact, by precise experiments, I have proved that the microzymas of the air are ferments of the same order as those of the chalk, of the rocks, and of those of my experiments with artificial chalk; only, varying with the places, the circumambient a r may, along with these microzymas, contain conides of lichens, spores of mushrooms, bacteria and everything that the wind can disperse in it.1
1. See, for details. C. R, Vol. LXXIV. p. 629; Vol. LXIII, p. 451; and "Les microzymas." etc., pp. 122, 135. 940. 952.
There is then no panspermy such as that which Charles Bonnet had invented, nor that which Spallanzani and M. Pasteur (after me) had admitted. In short, there are no pre-existing germs. At each period, as in our days, and in each place there exist in the surrounding air only the microzymas of former beings which had disappeared and are disappearing with the things which the wind scatters in it.
But if we reflect that the species of microzymas are: first, as numerous as the species of eggs, of seeds, of spores of the various species of animals and plants; next, that there are in each animal and vegetable organism, already developed or in process of development, microzymas as specifically numerous as there are anatomical systems and organs, tissues and special cellules in these organisms, it is easy to conceive that the species of atmospheric microzymas are present in enormous numbers. One can also understand the very great number of changes which these microzymas may cause, when some one of these species fall into a fermentescible medium in which it can multiply, and either evolve in it/or build in it a cellule, or a mould.
If then, as I have demonstrated experimentally, there are besides microzymas, and as well in animals as in plants, among the micro-organisms of the circumambient air, spores, conides of fungi, of lichens, even actual cellules of ferments,1 it is easy to understand that if these micro-organisms fall into fermentescible media they will develop in it, each according to its nature, and that various productions, moulds, divers cellules, and at the same time vibrioniens, may appear in it.2
But in all the observations and in all the experiments relative to the spontaneous change of natural vegetable and animal matters, and in the fermentations of sugar or of fecula by aid of the tissues and humors of animals, when the influence of the micro-organisms of the air has been destroyed or suppressed,3 only microzymas and vibrioniens, and vibrios or bacteria, fruits of their evolution, are seen; this proves that the microzymas are autonomous anatomical elements existing in it of themselves.
1. "Sur L'origine des ferments du vin," by A. Bechamp, C. R., Vol. LIX, p. 626 (1864).2. See C. R., Vol. LXXIV. p. 115, and "Les Microzymas," etc.. p. 948.3. Here a complementary explanation is necessary to explain more clearly the mode of action of creosote in the experiments in which it has been employed to annihilate the influence of germs of the air. And first of all, in speaking of germs, it no longer relates to this vague something, which when called upon by Ch. Robin to define, M. Pasteur called "origin of life," but figured ferments, upon which creosote exercises an influence clearly determined. I must therefore recall that I have several times insisted on the fuel that creosote is efficient in annihilating the influence of the germs of a limited volume of the surrounding air, unless the air be renewed. And it is so, because a limited volume of air contains only limited number of micro-organismic ferments. But creosote, while it does not prevent the ferments from acting, hinders their multiplication. In reality the ferments of a limited volume of air, which are capable of acting upon a fermentescible medium, do act upon it, but only in proportion to their quantity, in such wise that the result is so inappreciable that it is as though it were nothing; it is thus that the quantity of sugar, inverted, in the presence of creosote, by the microzymas of a small limited volume of air can be determined neither by reagents, nor by the polariscope. But if a slow current of several hundred litres of the same air is caused to act upon a creosoted solution of sugar the microzymas and other micro-organisms retained by the liquor render this at last cloudy, and. thus accumulated, there are among them some which effect the inversion, without developing moulds, while the microzymas undergo a greater or less vibrionian evolution. Such is the exact idea to be formed of the influence of the creosote, and of the role of the atmospheric ferments. When, owing to their presence, productions such as moulds are produced, it is because die special conditions of existence of these moulds, etc., have been realized. But microzymas in their function of anatomical elements only become vibrioniens from the substance of tissues and humors, ever, in spite of the presence of creosote, provided the volume of air be limited or completely absent.
These statements and considerations may be summed up in the following propositions:
(1). The microzymas of the animal organism proceed from the vitellin microzymas, which are autonomous anatomical elements in the vitellus.
(2). The number of anatomical species of microzymas is enormous.
(3). The essential biological characters of the microzymas are to be creators of cellules by synthesis and of vibrioniens by evolution.
(4). The physiological and chemical characters of microzymas are to produce the zymases and to be themselves ferments having a determined form.
These propositions are also true for plants beginning with the ovule; but from the fact that a microzyma may become a vibrionien by evolution, it necessarily follows that the species of microzymas being innumerable the species of vibrioniens are likewise innumerable.
It is further important to remember that an anatomical element microzyma is animal in an animal, vegetable in a vegetable. Hence arises this question: To what kingdom belongs the bacterium of such or such an animal microzyma? Of such or such a vegetable microzyma? We must remember that any microzyma, before it accomplishes the evolution which produces a bacterium, passes through the evolutionary phases of microzyma slightly changed in form, of microzyma successively associated in twos, in threes, in several grains, etc. But those forms have been described under the names of Monas, of Bacterium termo and punctum, of Coccus, of Diplococcus, of Torulo, of Streptococcus, of Micrococcus, of Mesococcus, of Microbe with a point, of Microbe with a double point, etc. Nor is that all; bacteria in spontaneously destroying themselves to become microzymas similar to those of the rock-chalk or of the artificial chalk of my experiments, have passed through new forms, of which the most constant is that which has also been described as the Bacterium termo.1
1. See, on this subject, Felix Dujardin, "Les Zoophites Infusoire," p. 232.
But what are such specifications worth, based only upon the shape, on the length and thickness, upon the color, the motility or immotility of the object specified? In the order of received ideas it would be too tedious to discuss them; it suffices for me to say that Felix Dujardin, who knew the germ theory and did not allude to it in his explanations, was of opinion that the phenomena observed in these changes were favorable to the doctrine of spontaneous generation; and consequently that outside of the microzymian theory it is all incomprehensible and arbitrary. A priori one cannot tell to what kingdom a bacterium belongs, for one can only distinguish a microzyma, and consequently a bacterium, by the origin and function of the microzyma. An example will make this clear: Take the parotid gland of a man, and that of a horse, the structure and functions of which seem to be the same and of which the microzymas of the cellules are morphologically identical; well, while the parotidian microzymas of man liquify and energetically saccharify the starch of fecula, those of the horse liquify that starch but do not saccharify it And we have established by other differences of the like kind that the microzymas of the different anatomical systems of a same organism may differ one from the other; and by still greater reason those of different organisms may differ.
Plants, like animals, being anatomically constituted living by their respective microzymas, the bacteria which these microzymas can become are evidently limited to the two kingdoms; and so perhaps the question whether a vibrionien is animal, as was thought, or plant, as is now asserted, is an idle one.
But if one chooses in spite of all this to insist that the bacteria are plants and that the microzymas are their spores, a new question would arise, of which of the species of schizomycetes which the same microzyma may become before becoming a perfect bacterium (Bacterium termo, Monas crepusculum, torula, Diplococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, etc.)—is it first the spore, in the organism before evolution, and then in the chalk-rock, or in the artificial chalk, after the total destruction of the organism?
According to accepted notions the reply cannot be otherwise than uncertain! According to the microzymian theory here is the answer.
An anatomical element, microzyma, in a plant or in an animal, whose conditions of existence have just changed, can become a bacterium by evolution, and the intermediate evolutionary phases, like those of the tadpole, which becomes a frog, leaves the special nature of the microzyma still existing; there are not new species. The perfect bacterium depends on the nature of the microzyma, as the perfect batrachian depends on the particular nature of its tadpole.
Every bacterium resolves itself by spontaneous destruction into a microzyma, and the microzymas thus evolved are different from the anatomical microzyma which has become a bacterium, not morphologically, nor functionally so far as regards being a figured ferment, but by a collection of properties, which assure the perennity of the form and of the function in a condition of individual separateness.
But the chief difference consists in this: The anatomical element microzyma in the vitellus is the organized commencement of all animal organization, and in the ovule of the plant it is the commencement of all plant organization. On the other hand, the microzyma resulting from the destruction of a bacterium is the organized end of all organization.
AND HERE IS SOMETHING STUPENDOUS! The geological microzymas, as well as those of the artificial chalk in my experiment, are organized and living, not only because, without change of form, they are individually figured ferments, but also because under certain conditions, such as those of the fibrin in the experiment described in the first chapter, at the same time that they act as ferments they can again become bacteria by evolution. The microzymas not only possess the sort of perennity of which I spoke; they enjoy also the stupendous duration of the geological epochs from the time the microzymian rocks have been formed down to the present time. And this duration means for us, that the microzymas have been constituted physiologically imperishable. And this last statement must convince us that the microzymas are organized living beings, of a class apart, without analogue.
And it is thus, precisely because the microzymas are, essentially and by destination, autonomous anatomical elements in each anatomical system, becoming what they ought to become in each, by substantial and functional development, parallel with the development of such system in the development of the entire organism, that they are organized living beings of a class apart as above stated.
The following is the experimental proof that this new principle of anatomy and physiology is well founded.
The vitellin microzymas of the egg of the fowl do not pre-exist in the ovule; they are the result of a substantial development, and of the proliferation of the ovular microzymas.
To prove this, it will be sufficient to make the elementary analysis of the microzymas of the vitellus of the fowl's egg, and of those of the ovules remaining in the Graafian vesicle, while these ovules are only a few millimetres in diameter. The following are these analyses:
Vitellin Microzymas Ovular MicrozymasCarbon 52.67% 50.63%Hydrogen 7.17% 7.36%Nitrogen 15.71% 15.67%Oxygen, etc.1
1. See"Memoire sur les matieres albuminoid." p. 161, and the correction in the note on p. 489.
The difference of two per cent, of carbon in the percentage composition answers to great differences in the nature of the proximate principles of these microzymas. I will add that the vitellin microzymas contain much more mineral matter than the ovular. It is thus evident that the microzymas of the ovule become vitellin microzymas by substantial development, while they multiply and the vitellus grows. In short, one may say that the ovular microzymas become vitellin microzymas by maturing.
It would take too long to dwell as long as might be desirable on this result and upon the whole of the chemical, physiological and anatomical phenomena which this ripening necessitates in order that the vitellin microzymas should become fitted to play their part, chemical, physiological and histogenic, during the embryonic development, etc. I must refer the student to what I have said elsewhere.1 What is most important to bear in mind is, that no matter how high one goes [in the scale of living beings] the microzymas are found in the ovule, and that these microzymas are not those which are to be found in the vitellus, but will become them.
1. See Les Microzymas," etc, pp. 487 and following.
All the special facts which I have made known, including the last, authorize me in erecting into a general principle the precise experimental idea; that the microzyma, the final term of the anatomical analysis, is in truth the simple anatomical element which satisfies the conception of Bichat and completely destroys that of living matter not morphologically defined.
The cellularists, it is but fair to recall, regarding the cellule as the simplest anatomical element, believed it proceeded necessarily from a former cellule, omnis cellula e cellula, holding it to be the vital unit, living per se, and regarded an entire organism as the sum of these units. But we now know that that was a deduction from incomplete and superficial observations, for the cellule, a transitory anatomical element, has the microzyma for its anatomical element. It is this which alone possesses all the characters of an anatomical element, living per se, and which must be regarded as the unit of life. It is what I have already stated in the following terms:
"The microzyma is at the beginning and at the end of every living organization. It is the fundamental anatomical element whereby the cellules, the tissues, the organs, the whole, of an organism are constituted living."
Let us devote a few words to develop this idea. Let us penetrate a little further into this notion of a fundamental anatomical element, which, as has been said, implies that the microzyma is the living atom of the organization as the physical atom is the element of the molecule of a simple body. This would be true if the microzyma were unchangeable in its simplicity. But in reality it is essentially mutable, as are all living bodies; and it is especially so, in order that it may fulfil its numerous functions. In fact, the microzymas, functionally different in the different anatomical systems of the same species, and different at all ages, beginning with the embryonal stage, have been primitively those of the vitellus, after having been those of the ovule. A microzyma then is not, properly speaking, an atom; but always anatomically simple, it becomes, by nutrition, that which it needs to become, so as to accommodate itself to each new condition of existence which the successive phases of the development of each anatomical system provide for it. It is thus that even in the embryo, in that which will be the ovary, a category of microzymas becomes again ovular microzymas to recommence the same cycle. I add that, taken as a whole and in its details, the THEORY HAS BEEN CONFIRMED, VERIFIED, CORROBORATED by a great number of other facts of general anatomy and of pathological anatomy and of physiology.1
1. See particularly the notes and publications following:A. Bechamp: Facts useful for the history of the origin of the bacteria. Natural development of these little plants in the frozen parts of certain plants. C. R.. Vol. LXVTII. p. 466(1869).A Estor: Note for use in the history of the microzymas contained in animal cellules. C. R.. Vol. LXVIII. p. 519. It relates to the microzymas in bacterian evolution in a cyst which had just been removed.Bechamp and Estor: On the microzymas of pulmonary tubercle in the cretacious state. C. R., Vol. LXVII, p. 960 (1868). It relates to the discovery of microzymas in a condition of evolution within the tubercle, regarded as the remains of the destroyed epithelium of the pulmonary alveoli.Bechamp and Estor: Facts useful for the history of the microzymas and bacteria. Physiological transformation of bacteria into microzymas and of microzymas into bacteria in the digestive tube of the same animal. C. R., Vol. LXXVI, p. 1143 (1873).Bechamp: Facts useful for the history of the histological construction of the glairine of Molitg. C.R., Vol. LXXVI. p. 1485 (1873).Bechamp: The diseases of the silk worm. C. R.. various notes from 1866 to 1374. They relate to the pebrine, a parasitic disease, and to the flacherie, a microzymian disease, not parasitic.J. Grasset: On the histological phenomena of inflammation. Treatise regarding a new theory, based upon the consideration of the molecular granulations (microzymas). Gazette Med. de Paris, year 1873.E. Baltus: Theory of the Microzyma, a theoretic and practical study of pyogenesis (the formation of pus). Theses of the Faculty of Montpellier, year. 1874, No. 41.J. Bechamp: The microzymas and their functions at the different ages of the same being. Theses of the Faculty of Montpellier, 1875, No. 63.A Bechamp: Microzymas and disease; in "Les Microzymas," etc., p. 744. (Chamalet, 60, Passage Choiseul.)A Bechamp: Puerperal septicaemia, pleurisy, the albuminuria and the preface to Microzymas et Microbes. (Chainalct, 60, Passage Choiseul, Paris.)A. Tripier: Electricity and Cholera. Genesis, prophylaxy and treatment. (Georges Carre, pub. 1884). In this memoir there will be found a comparison of the microbian system and the microzymian theory, highly original and at the same time the conception of what the eminent author terms the individual coefficient.
When by the attentive study of these facts one has become convinced that the microzymian theory is their pure and simple expression, it will be at once recognized that the cellule is already an organ in which, by nutrition, the conditions of the preservation of the microzymas with the constancy and regularity of their chemical and physiological functions are unceasingly realized. And it will thus be understood that the microzymian molecular granulations, whether of certain cellules, of the vitellus, or of the blood, also realize after their manner the conditions of this constancy and regularity. When these conditions are no longer realized they may undergo vibrionian evolution.
The most prominent fact in the history of the microzymas, that which has been the most disputed, precisely because of their capacity to undergo vibrionian evolution, is the fact of their anatomical autonomy. Now this faculty, which is only manifested when the normal conditions of existence of the microzymas, functioning as anatomical elements, are no longer fulfilled, is the best proof which could be given of the change which has happened in their condition, causing their irregular and changed functioning.
In fact, in their various anatomical situations, the microzymas remain morphologically similar to themselves. They function in each cellule, in each organ, in each anatomical system, naturally, chemically and physiologically for themselves while preserving their individuality; at the same time that by coordination, according to the happy and thoroughly scientific expression of Dr. Antoine Cros, they function for the benefit of the microzymian molecular granulations of the cellules, of the organs and of the various anatomical systems taken altogether, whose physiological condition of health is preserved by them.
But if from some etiological cause certain changes happen in an organ, changes such as auscultation or percussion can precisely ascertain, as, for instance, an increase in the volume of the spleen, M. Cross tells us that there is a decoordination, a functional perturbation in the entire organism and disease. It is worth mentioning that from the time Dr. Cros became acquainted with the microzymian theory, he did not hesitate to recognize the microzymas as the anatomical agents of the decoordination; how does it happen?
Among the causes which produce disease, a sudden chill in summer is the one most frequently indicated or invoked. The chill is at the same time an influence and a lowering of temperature. I do not insist on the fact that it is only something living which is painfully affected, so as to confine myself to the physical phenomenon.
But the microzymas are very sensitive to variations of temperature; so much so that even the geological microzymas act regularly only at temperatures near 40° to 42 °C. (= 104° to 107° F.); in fact, the microzymas of the chalk of Sens do not act so as to cause fecula to ferment in a temperature below 38° C. (= 100°.4 F.). Further a very slight lowering of the temperature is sufficient for the egg which should produce a bird not to produce one, and to putrefy or to produce the monsters of Dareste when the heat is not uniformly applied. In fact, the influences of the medium (as if it should become neutral or acid), which modify the activity of the microzymas acting alone, are various.
That which happens to the isolated microzymas happens also to those of the egg and for those of the organism. Suppress the air and the egg does not become a fowl, but undergoes another kind of change.
If from any cause whatever the air does not have access or has an insufficient access to the pulmonary alveolae, and their epithelium becomes the pulmonary tubercle, the cellules become reduced to their microzymas, which are then found in vibrionian evolution in the tubercle in the cretatious state. If the decoordination resulting from an irregular functioning of a part of an anatomical system is sufficient to bring on a malaise which is not removed, there will arise a diseased condition because of a sharp change of the conditions of existence of the microzymian anatomical elements, and the change in the medium sufficient to cause the decoordination will manifest itself by the vibrionian and bacterian evolution of the microzymas of such or such part of the system.
It is thus that in the disease called "Sand de rate" (Anthrax), so thoroughly studied by Davaine, the diseased microzymas end by evolving into what that learned physician called bacteridiae, the blood globules undergoing the changes which are so characteristic. The bacteridiae were not the cause of the diseased condition, but were one of its effects; proceeding from the morbid microzymas they were capable of inducing this diseased condition in the animal whose microzymas were in a condition to receive it. Hence it is seen that the alteration of natural animal matters is spontaneous, and justifies the old aphorism so concisely expressed by Pidoux: "Diseases are born of us and in us."
On the other hand, the disregard of this law of nature, the firm establishment whereof is completed by the present work, necessarily led M. Pasteur to deny the truth of the aphorism, and to imagine a pathogenic panspermy, as he had before conceived, a priori, that there was a panspermy of fermentations. That M. Pasteur after having been a sponteparist should reach such a conclusion was natural enough; he was neither physiologist nor physician, but only a chemist without any knowledge of comparative science.
What is astonishing is, that he should have succeeded in procuring the triumph of a preconceived system among physicians and in academies, and to procure the rejection of the microzymian theory [without examination. Trans.]. For instance, an enlightened physician thus summed up the fundamental proposition of M. Pasteur: "The microbes always come from without; they constitute species which remount from generation to generation up to the origin of the world."1
An eminent surgeon, M. Verneuil, ended by admitting as a demonstrated theorem that there is no spontaneous tetanus, that there is no spontaneous small pox, syphilis, glanders, hydrophobia, tuberculosis, charbon or malignant pustule; declaring that the pathogenic problem consisted solely in discovering how and when the microbe, also called virus, come from without, penetrates into the organism; declaring that the question is thus stated between old medicine and the microbina medicine "with extreme simplicity and without the least ambiguity.2a
1. Gazette medical, Paris, 6th Series. Vol. V, p. 218. This is precisely what M. Chamberland said of micro-organisms in general: "Recherches sur I'origine el le developpement des organismes microscopiques." Theses de la Faculte des Sciences. Parais, 1879. See also "Microzymas et Microbes," p. 25, 2d Ed.
2. C. R_,Vol. CV, p. 552.
[a. There is an implication to be found in the statement of Surgeon Verneuil, though probably not meant by him, to which assent must be given when understood. It is TRUE that there is no such THING as tetanus, small pox. syphilis, etc., as is implied by the general use of nosological terms. Disease is not a thing, an entity: it is a condition, and the error of regarding the condition of disease as an entity has confirmed, where it has not originated, much of the prevailing erroneous treatment of the sick. Nosological terms have a use; it is that of bringing to the mind of the physician a group of pathological symptoms, which may or may not be present in the case of the patient under consideration; from them, when present, the diseased condition of the patient can be recognized and treated.
Unfortunately, through not understanding this truth, attempts are frequently made to treat, not the patient, but the name, which has been given to a collection of morbid symptoms. A broken limb is a thing; the inflammation which results from it is a condition, and if gangrene ensues the gangrene is not a thing, but a condition to be taken into consideration with all the other symptoms in the treatment of the patient. The surgeon, Verneuil, had probably a glimmering perception of this truth, but he misapplied it, for his theory and practice, as a physician, and the theory and practice of nearly all modern medicine assume that the condition to be treated is a thing having a name and this name is treated instead of the patient.—Trans.]
But these assertions (of Surgeon Verneuil) are reduced to nothing, when we call to mind that the pretended germs of the air are only the microzymas of organisms which have disappeared, which had become bacteria by evolution; that even at the Academy of Medicine I said—and no one ventured to contradict me—that no one had ever been able to reproduce a disease on the nosological roll by taking the pretended pathogenic microbe in normal air, but only in the diseased animal. And I add, that just as with time the fibrin-ous microzymas lose the property of decomposing oxygenated water so, as proved long ago by Davaine, after a short time the blood of an animal which had died of anthrax [sang de rate] no longer communicated that diseased condition; and the same is true in all cases.
THUS NORMAL AIR NOT ONLY DOES NOT, BUT CANNOT, CONTAIN THE PRETENDED PATHOGENIC MICROBES, AND THE VERY PRINCIPLE OF MICROBIAN MEDICINE CONSTITUTES A FUNDAMENTAL ERROR.
But no attention was paid to this. Abandoning the famous dogma of the closure of the body to germs from without, it was admitted "that the human organism carries constantly a large number of microbes of many different species" which only await the moment when "the organism being disturbed in its physiological functioning will be given over to the activity of its own microbes; whose presence it had theretofore borne without being affected." M. Jaccond wrote the above [nonsense] with reference to two cases of acute pneumonia following a chill.1
1. "Journal des societes scientifiques," 4 May, 1887, p. 156.
In M. Pasteur's set, M. Jaccond's opinion was accepted; and although their master had declared that the cellules were not living, his disciples imagined that the leukocytes (under the name of phagocytes) were living like amoeba and able to perform movements called amaeboid. And it was imagined that these phagocytes formed themselves into troops to pursue and devour the microbes. There was thus a phagocytosis,a- which was trumpeted forth as providential. The precise knowledge of the blood reduces to its just value this latest form of the struggle against the microzymian theory. Of all the suppositions and fancies of M. Pasteur, there remains only, even for his disciples, that which consists in admitting a sole cause, the germs or microbes of the air, to explain the phenomena of fermentations and disease.
Nevertheless all physicians did not think as did Verneuil or as did M. Jaccond. Before 1866, while the triumph of the microbian medicine was in full swing, Dr. A. Tripier did not admit that there was a microbe come from without to be considered. His attention had been drawn to the new opinions by considering how frequently in the classical books of medicine a sudden chill led to everything. Here is the masterly way in which he explained it:
[These words must be erased from the language of science. Trans.]
"It is not at the time when the consideration of the individual coefficient tends to take a larger and larger place in nosological speculations that we must return to a simple etiology which has been rightly questioned. I am far from pretending that the savants to whom we are indebted for such interesting researches in the direction of specific causes design to bring everything within it, but those who do not exhibit that much prudence must be reminded that to constitute a morbid state the concurrence of many conditions are indispensable, that however specific it may be, a single cause is no cause at all."
It was thus that M. Tripier placed in parallel lines etiology according to the ancient medicine and the microbian medicine. I will state later the profound meaning of the expression, drawn from algebra,a or "individual coefficient". Let us say, at first, that it has been supposed that maladies resulting from specific causes are poisonings by living matters capable of reproducing themselves in the organism. The mechanism of these poisonings, says M. Tripier, "has been explained in many ways without being permitted to reject one on account of another."
"According to M. Pasteur," said he, "the multiplication of microbes would be the consequence of the introduction of germs introduced from without. For M. Bechamp the microbe a1 might proceed from a special mode of evolution of living molecular granulations which he named microzymas, granulations which exist in all protoplasm, the vicious evolution whereof might be regarded as causes independent of the introduction of leaven of foreign origin."
The radical difference between the principle of the microbian medicine and that of the microzymian theory of disease is thus clearly expressed. The microzymas are not then the cause of disease, but by their defective or morbid functional evolution under the various influences whereof I have spoken, their evolution may become vibrionian. It was only through the ambiguity that M. Pasteur succeeded in creating, that M. Tripier was able to say that I had admitted that the microbe proceeded from the microzyma, and that later M. Jaccond thought that the microzymas are the special microbes of the human organism.1
[a. The term "individual coefficient" was first introduced to indicate the amount and direction of errors which each individual astronomer was prone to commit.—Trans.]
[a. The term microbe, introduced for the sole purpose of drowning the grand discoveries of Bechamp, is, as presently shown, an etymological solecism.—Trans.]
1. This is how the ambiguity was created. The surgeon, Sedillot, thoughtlessly invented the word microbe as a name for the vibrioniens, which eventually Davaine regarded as the living agents of disease. M, Pasteur, heedless of the inacurracy, even from an etymological point of view of this word applied to a microscopic being of immense longevity, adopted it to designate the micro-organized ferments; thus beer yeast was a microbe, as also the bacteridia of Davaine.
He went further, and in a book published under his auspices he permitted the following definition to appear: "Under the name of microscopic beings or microbes are meant all living beings too small to be seen by the naked eye, all those which can only be seen with the aid of instruments which can enlarge them a great number of times, such as the small worm called trichina, which produces trichinosis, and an acarus, which produces the itch..." The work from which the above is quoted appeared in 1833 with a preface by M. Pasteur. Here we perceive how all diseases are regarded as parasitic on the same ground as the itch, and how the microzymas have become to be miscalled microbes!
To appreciate the antinomy between the microbian system and the microzymian theory, and to give to this work its practical utility by showing that the theory explains what the system is powerless to make clear, it will be sufficient to recall the two fundamental facts upon which rest the fabric of the demonstration that the blood is a flowing tissue, and, like all tissues, is spontaneously alterable.
The first is that a mixture of proximate principles, under the specified conditions, is naturally unalterable; but on contact with a limited or unlimited quantity of common air the same mixture always changes, owing to the various ferments which develop in it from the germs carried in this air. This mixture then does not alter spontaneously.
The second, that a natural animal matter, tissue, or humor, withdrawn from a living animal in perfect health, and under the same conditions, inevitably alters, even when absolutely protected from the air and its germs. Natural animal matter then is spontaneously alterable.
It is also desirable to recall: First, that the differences in the nature of the two orders of substances is such, that in the alteration of the former the micro-organisms consist of several categories of different species; while in the alteration of the latter only one category is to be found, viz., the microzymas, and afterwards, most frequently, the vibrioniens, products of their evolution; second, that, corroborating the facts, creosote in adequate quantity hinders the alteration of the former in contact with a limited volume of air, preventing the appearance of ferments; while the same quantity does not hinder the alteration of the latter, nor, in suitable cases, the vibrionian evolution of the microzymas.
Of these two facts M. Pasteur has only regarded the first and has denied the second, and it is because he and savants who have trusted to his word have looked upon the animal body only as organs constituted of a mixture of immediate principles—protoplasm—where nothing exists capable of becoming a vibrionien, that they have thought that the microbe coming from without is the sole cause of the alteration of this mixture and of disease. Now if the organism were what they think, and the sole cause of disease were what they say, a mixture of immediate principles necessarily altering an exposure to the air, every one would, of equal necessity, become diseased; but even in times of epidemics the majority are not attacked! An explanation of this fact has been sought in the microbe itself and in other considerations of the like order; but they are all worthless, for if the air contains that which changes the mixture, it does not contain that which causes disease.
The old medicine explained the immunity of the living by the receptivity, the predisposition, which those who are not attacked do not possess. M. Tripier, more precise, invokes the individual coefficient. But a mixture of proximate principles which, when exposed to the air, is always ready to be altered enjoys no immunity!
In exact language one can only speak of receptivity of the individual coefficient, of that which is regarded as a living body. But what is a living body? What is life?
Life, say some, is a special force, manifesting itself in ponderable matter. J. R. Mayer denies this. However it may be, they, the former, speak of a physical theory of life. We have seen that, according to Pasteur, life is that which elaborates the proximate principles, the natural substances of which the organism is composed.
Bichat said: "Life is the totality of the functions which resist death." But what is life? What is death? And what is the individual coefficient in the microzymian theory? For there is no longer any question of protoplasm!
Bichat said that life was a property of tissue because he regarded elementary tissues as the living elements of organized beings, which, in his view, possessed in themselves a permanent principle of reaction which enabled them to resist the causes of destruction which surround them.
The microzymian theory verifies the conception of Bichat even on this point; in fact:
The microzyma is the fundamental anatomical element, autonomically living, proliferating, while remaining morphologically similar to itself. It is in reality an apparatus whose functions manifest themselves, in a medium which realizes the conditions of its existence, by chemical reactions which cause it to produce the special zymases depending upon its special nature and the various proximate principles varying according to the place and the medium where it functions in the organism. Isolated from the organism and consequently in new conditions, as in the case of fibrin, there are some which act like lactic ferment with regard to fecula, etc.
In short, the microzymas resist so well the ordinary causes of destruction that, in the calcareous and other rocks, geological microzymas are to be found, now living, which functioned as anatomical elements of the animals of the epoch of those rocks. Here then we have the organized being, living per se, physiologically imperishable, unsuspected until I described it.a It is in it alone, functioning as an anatomical element, wherein resides the permanent principle of reaction which enables the organisms, whereof it composes the cellules, the tissues, the organs, to preserve themselves by nutrition and resist the athmotelluric (Tripier) conditions which
[a. Literally "of which I spoke," but the real meaning is as given above in my translation.—Trans.]
unceasingly tend to destroy them. And as there is no anatomical element simpler than the microzyma, and none other like it, resistant to total destruction, if we call life the totality of the anatomical properties which render the microzymas constructors of cellules by synthesis, and capable of becoming bacteria or vibrios by evolution; and the aggregate of the physiological and chemical energies which enable them to produce the zymases and to nourish themselves by transforming for their own use the materials of the medium in the anatomical systems wherein they function, eliminating at the same time that which they disassimilate after having used it, it must surely be admitted that LIFE is, in them allied, it is true, to matter, but to the matter in the structured organization, morphologically defined, and not simply to ponderable matter. So much for the general statement.
We now know that the microzymas are functionally different in the various anatomical systems of the same animal, and that they may be functionally different also in the same organs of the same structure in man and animals. It thence results that it is not always permissible in experimenting to draw conclusions from one animal to another and least of all to man. So that if we could admit with Bichat that life is a property of tissue, this property is not the same in all the tissues of the same structure and in their microzymas.
I will endeavour to explain my opinion upon the cause which leads to one kind of zymas being produced by one microzyma and another kind by another microzyma.
If there is the life of a microzyma, the life of a cellule and that of the organs of an anatomical system, there is also the life of the organized WHOLE. This necessarily results from the coordinated entirety of the particular lives of the organs and I hence of the individual lives of the microzymas which function in it. It is this view of the functions which Bichat called I he entirety of the functions which resist death.
But if the microzyma is physiologically imperishable, what is the death of the living whole? It is the opposite of that which constitutes its life, viz.: the absolute decoordination of the functions of the microzymas.
It is thus that in a part abstracted from a living animal, muscle or blood, etc., nothing is dead; but the microzymas, the only things antonomically living, being in decoordination, are no longer in their normal condition of existence; they now function only for themselves, determining the changes which attend the disorganizations of the tissues and the destruction of the cellules."
Now what is the meaning of the happy expression, "individual coefficient," introduced into medical language by M. Tripier? As in algebra a quantity is said to be a function of another upon which it depends, so in the microzymian theory it may be said that an organism, a cellule, are quantities which are functions of the microzymas which compose it and upon which it depends. Thus the expression of coefficient applied to the number which multiplies these quantities can be readily understood.
The individual coefficient is the factor which increases or diminishes in the microzymas the sum of the energy which enables them to resist the various causes which, by disturbing their functioning, determine morbidity in them, and thence disease and death.
The factor, whatever it may be, being the same, the variable, that is to say, the microzyma, differing, the result will necessarily vary. Now it is a proven fact, the microzymas are functionally different in the species, in the races and even in the individual, according to sex and age, in the different anatomical systems; the individual coefficient then is relative to the functional differences of the microzymas of the individual.
The state of perfect health results from the constancy and regularity of the coordinated functioning of all the organs the microzymas whereof are anatomically and physiologically healthy; for even, in the state of coordination, it is necessary to take into account heredity, diatheses, atavism, which may in some way have affected the particular microzymas of the individual.
The individual coefficient then is a complex constant dependent upon the particular coefficients of such or such functional systems of the individual.
To return to the blood, here is a typical example which justifies the above considerations.
I said that in anthrax (sang de rate) the bacteridia, regarded as specific cause, were the result of the vicious evolution of the microzymas of the blood, become morbid as the consequence of a decoordination, M. Jaccond would say, of some disturbance in the physiological functioning of the organism.
But it is evident that if the interior medium were inert or passive, this decoordination, in such a mixture of proximate principles, would be an effect without a cause, nothing leading it to become disturbed in its supposed functioning; for such a mixture has been shown to be unalterable of itself; while on the contrary it would immediately, infallibly, be placed in a condition of alteration determined by the agent, microbe, or specific ferment come from without. In short, on the hypothesis of a pure interior medium, a mixture of proximate principles, for a soil of culture, as it is called, for the microbe whose multiplication is poisonous, all the sheep would be equally susceptible, especially in times of epidemic, to contract anthrax (sang de rate) under identical circumstances, by contagion, and in all cases by inoculation.
Well, this does not happen. The adult sheep of the race called the African sheep is refractory to anthrax; it does not contract the disease by contagion, and generally not even by inoculation. The individual coefficient is not the same under identical circumstances, for the French sheep and for that of Africa. And as proof that the coefficient differs according to age, it is enough to state that the African lamb is not refractory, while the adult sheep of the same race is. Let us then say that the microzymas in the blood of the African adult sheep are among those which, even when ill treated, do not undergo that vicious alteration which would make them become carbuncular; with the lambs of the same race it is otherwise.
If the internal medium were the mixture imagined by microbian medicine, the foregoing facts would be incapable of explanation. For the medium would be inert and passive; since it has been proved that such a mixture is always disposed to allow the multiplication of the microzyma or of another like specific ferment able to alter it for its (the ferment's) own nourishment, and which medium without the ferment would be unalterable under other ordinary athmotelluric influences, cold, etc. It is the individual coefficient in relation to the functional differences of the microzymas of the subjects which alone explains the immunity of some, the susceptibility of others, since it has been demonstrated that in the interior medium there is nothing autonomically living, acting and physiologically impressionable except the microzymas.
In the language of the old medicine, immunity, susceptibility, is the capacity of the living organism to resist an impression, not to undergo, or to undergo the influence of external or internal agents. The microzymian theory adopts this thoroughly physiological language since it is only the microzymas of the living organism which can receive impressions and suffer or not suffer their influence; that is to say, resist or not resist the perturbing causes of their functioning according as the individual coefficient is abnormal or normal.
But what proof have we of this resistance, and of the mechanism of the harmlessness of the microzymas from without? The following is one I have given of it.
The isolated microzyma of beer yeast performs the function of a lactic ferment, producing little alcohol; in its function of anatomic element in the globule of beeryeast it never produces lactic acid. The young yeast, vigorous, acting strongly on cane sugar, even in contact with the air and with the addition of the chalk whose microzymas always effect lactic fermentation, still does not produce lactic acid; it resists, and microzymas of the chalk when added also fail to produce it.
But if the beer yeast be old, in some respect altered,a and even protected from the air, it will produce lactic acid, and the more, if calcareous rock or even pure carbonate of lime has been added. There we have the immunity of the beeryeast organism and its acquired susceptibility; the immunity which enabled it to resist the influence of the microzymas of the air and of the chalk, annihilating their influence; the susceptibility which enabled these microzymas to produce lactic acid without hindering those of the chalk in performing their work. Here we have the picture of the immunity and of the susceptibility of the microzymas of the cellules and of the tissues of the internal medium of an animal organism."a1
[a. The French text is aleree, which, I believe, to be a press error fur alteree.—Trans.)
[a1. We are here presented with a forcible illustration of the reckless ignorance of those physicians who practice the inoculation of organic poisons, such as the products of diseased conditions known as vaccines, anti-toxines, etc., upon man and other animals, whether as preventives or as remedies. Even the changes mentioned in the text, as some of the results of the learnedly devised experiments of Prof. Behamp, are unknown to these gentlemen; and, absolutely ignorant of what effect such inoculations may have upon the life forces, i.e., the microzymas of their victims, they arrogantly insist that their ignorance is learning, and induce a degeneration among those races who, recognizing their ignorance, place their faith in men as ignorant as themselves!—Trans.]
In microbian medicine the language of the old medicine is without meaning, since the former admits that one sole cause produces the disease and the alteration by fermentation of organic matter in general, making no distinction between the internal medium and a mixture of proximate principles.
The insuperable contradiction which exists between the microbian doctrines and the microzymian theory of the living organization brings into strong relief the justice of the aphorism of M. Tripier. A single cause for the disease and for the alteration or fermentation of proximate principles, however specific it may be, is no cause at all (est une cause nulle).
Yes, "the sole cause" is no cause, for I have demonstrated beyond dispute that there do not exist (I do not say germs, the word now is unsuitable) pre-existing microzymas, pathogenic or not; but there do exist microzymas, the living remains of bacteria derived by evolution from the anatomical microzymas of organisms which have disappeared or are disappearing beneath our eyes.
I limit here these considerations, referring the reader to my earlier publications for developments, which the present work completes and corroborates.1
1. For general pathology, see the three last conferences of "Les Microzymas,"etc. For special pathology, the communications, "Sur la septicaemic puerperale," "Sur la Pleuresie" and "Sur les albuminuries," in "Microzymas et Microbes." And for the physiological theory of fermentation, as well as for the true theory of nutrition, various chapters of the same works. (Chamalet, publisher, 60, Passage Choiseul, Paris.)
And now I hope it will be confessed that the error, common to all contemporary experimenters who have sought to discover the cause of the phenomenon of the spontaneous coagulation of the blood, also that of other equally spontaneous alterations, or who, like M. Pasteur, maintain the natural inalterability alike of the blood, as of all natural organic matters, is that they have regarded protoplasm as a mixture of pure proximate principles, and have held as dogma that this mixture was living and organized, although not morphologically constituted. At last I hope that it will be recognized that the discovery of the microzymas verifies the time-honored conception of Bichat, according to which, that only is living in any organism whatever, which is structured, morphologically determinate.
It is the agreement of the microzymian theory of the living organism with the brilliant conception of Bichat which gives to the theory of the blood as a flowing tissue and to the physiological and anatomical theory of its coagulation and other spontaneous alterations their highest degree of certainty.
Under the form of conclusions is here given a succinct summary of the totality of the fundamental facts, the discovery whereof has led to that of the true anatomical and chemical constitution of the blood and to the explanation of its spontaneous alterations.
(1) Ordinary air, near the earth, contains living microscopical objects called germs, and these germs are essentially microzymas.
(2) Proximate principles, and any mixture of such principles are unalterable in the presence of water, of a limited volume of air at ordinary temperature when a little creosote has been first added; and such proximate principles under such conditions do not permit any organized being to appear.
(3) Natural organic matters, vegetable or animal, tissues and humors, under like experimental conditions, always change of themselves, by a phenomenon of fermentation, and at the same time the microzymas, give birth to vibrioniens by evolution.
(4) The fibrin of the blood is not a proximate principle; it is a false membrane containing microzymas, whereof the intermicrozymian gangue is a specialized albuminoid substance.
(5) It is owing to its microzymas that fibrin decomposes oxygenated water, that it liquifies starch of amidon and that it can be dissolved, undergoing chemical change, in very dilute hydrochloric acid.
(6) The microzymas of fibrin in liquified starch undergo vibrionian evolution notwithstanding the presence of creosote.
(7) Fibrin liquifies spontaneously in carbolized water without the microzymas undergoing vibrionian evolution.
(8) The fibrinous microzymas are special; they can produce lactic and butyric fermentation in liquified starch.
(9) Natural albuminoid matters are mixtures, reducible by direct analysis into exactly defined proximate principles.
(10) The albuminoid matters reduced to proximate principles are very complex molecules composed of less complex ones, amides and their derivatives of the fatty and aromatic series. There exist of such less complex molecules, constituting an albuminoid molecule, quaternaries like urea, quinaries like taurine, which is sulphuretted; like hematosine, which is ferruginous; casein, in addition to the sulphuretted molecule, contains one which is phosphuretted; it has then six elements.
(11) There are several fibrins constituted as are those of the blood.
(12) There are a great number of different specific albumens which coagulation does not differentiate.
(13) The zymas are special albuminoid matters, likewise definable as proximate principles; they are always a functional product of the microzymas.
(14) The yellow liquid of the blood, besides its albumen, contains a haemozymas.
(15) The haemoglobin of the red corpuscle, reduced to a
definite proximate principle, decomposes oxygenated water by its noncomplex feruginous molecule, haematosine, and becomes colorless.
(16) The red corpuscle of the blood is a true cellule, having a cell-wall and its proper content. This content is constituted especially of haemoglobin and micro-zymian-molecular-granulations, the microzymas whereof decompose oxygenated water as do those of the fibrin.
(17) The blood contains a third anatomical element, the haematic-microzymian-molecular-granularions. It is the albumenoid atmosphere of these granulations which form, by allotropic transformation, the intermicrozymian gangue of the false membrane called fibrin.
(18) The flowing tissue is a content, whereof the vessels, arteries, veins and their appendages form the container.
(19) The three orders of anatomical elements of the flowing tissue only find their conditions of existence complete in their containers during life.
(20) After issuing from the vessels these conditions of existence being no longer fulfilled, the alteration of the flowing tissue commences.
(21) The microzymas of the different parts of the circulatory system possess alike the property of decomposing oxygenated water without being absolutely characteristic of them, for the microzymas of almonds and of other parts of plants and of beer yeast also possess this property. But there are animal tissues whose microzymas do not disengagethe oxygen of oxygenated water.
(22) The microzymas, anatomical elements, are living beings of a special order without analogue.
(23) The spontaneous changes of natural animal matters, whether the microzymas have or have not undergone vibrionian evolution, thanks to free access of air, lead always under certain conditions to the complete destruction by oxydation of the product of those changes; that is to say, reduce them to the mineral condition, carbonic acid, water, nitrogen. But the microzymas under whose influence the oxydation is effected are not attacked; in such wise that all which is purely proximate principle in a tissue, in a cellule and in the bacterium, having undergone total destruction, the microzymas remain, and bear testimony to the existence of the vanished organization.
(24) The geological microzymas of certain calcareous rocks and of chalk, those of the dust of the streets and of the air also bear testimony to the microzymas which functioned as anatomical elements in the tissues of organisms of geological epochs even as they function in those of the present time.
(25) That which in the air have been called germs are essentially the microzymas of the entire destruction of a living organism.
(26) Normal air contains neither pre-existing germs nor the things which have been improperly termed microbes, supposed to ascend from age to age to parents resembling them.
(27) The air contains normally no pathogenic microzymas. The carbon bacteridium of Davaine is the product of the evolution of diseased microzymas, either of haematic-microzymian-molecular-granulations, or those of the blood globules.
(28) There is no living matter which is not morphologically defined; that which has been called protoplasm in the cellule always contains microzymas as anatomical elements.
Here, for persons whom it may interest, follows a list of memoirs and articles wherein may be found the historical succession of the ideas which have enabled the resume contained in the postface to be written:
On the influence which pure water or water charged with various salts exercise at a low temperature (a froid) upon cane sugar (moulds and spontaneous generations). Annales de chimie et de physique. 3e serie, Vol. XLVIII (1855 and 1856). C. R., Vol. XL, p. 436. and Vol. XLVI, p. 44, and Annales de chimie et de Physique, 3e serie. Vol. LIV, p. 28 (1858).
Memoir upon generations called spontaneous and upon ferments. Annales de la Societe Linne de Maine et Loire, Vol. VI (1863), and see C. R.. Vol. LVII. p. 958.
Note upon alcoholic fermentation. C. R,, de 1'Academic des Sciences, Vol. LVIII, page 601 (1864), and Montpellier Medical, Vol. XII.
Upon alcoholic fermentation. Reply to M. Berthelot C. R., Vol. LVIII, p. 1116 (1864).
On some new soluble ferments (Anthozymas). C. R.. Vol. LIX. p. 496 (1864).
On the origin of the ferments of wine. C. R,, Vol. LIX p. 626 (1864).
On the escape of heat as a product of alcoholic fermentation. C. R., Vol. LX, p. 241 (1865).
Memoir upon nefrozymase. Montp. Med.. Vols. XIV and XV.
On the cause which matures wines. C. R.. Vol. LXI. p. 408 (1865), and Vol. LXIX. p. 892 (1869).
On physiological exhaustion and on the vitality of beer-yeast. C. R., Vol. LXI, p. 689 (1865).
On the harmlessness of the vapors of creosote in the breeding of the silkworm. C. R. Vol LXII p 1341 (1866).
On the parasitic disease of the silk worm. C. R., Vol. LXIII. pp. 311, 341, 391, 425, 552, 693, 1 147 ( 1866), Vol. LXIV, pp. 231, 873,980, 1042, 1043. 1185 (1867); Vol. LXV, p. 42; Vol. LXVI, p. 1 160 (1868)-Vol I .XVII. pp. 102. 443 (1868); Vol. LXLX, p. 159 (1869).
(On the role of the calcareous earths in butyric and lactic fermentations, and of the living organisms which they contain (microzymas). C. R., Vol. LXIII, p. 451 (1866).
Microzymas in the waters of Vergeze. C.R.,Vol.LXIII, p.559, and Bull.Soc.Ch.,Vol.VI,p.9,and Vol. VII, p. 159 (1866).
On the role of the microscopic organisms of the mouth in digestion, and especially in the formation of the salivary diastase: in common with Prof. Estor and Saintpierre. Mont. Med., Vol. XIX
On the molecular granulations of fermentations and of the tissues of animals (microzymas). C. R., Vol I, XVI. pp. 366. 1382(1868).
On the nature and function of the microzymas of the liver; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R,. Vol. UCVI, i I, 'I (IHftS).
On the origin and development of the bacteria; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R.. Vol. LXVI, p. 859 (IHftH)
On the reduction of nitrates and sulphates in cenain fermentations. C. R., Vol. LXVI, p. 547 IIIU.H)
On the spontaneous alcoholic and acetic fermentation of eggs. C. R.. Vol. LXVII. p. 523 (1868).
On the microzymas of pulmonary tubercle in the cretacious state; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R., Vol. LXVII. p 9600 (1868)
Facts to serve for the history of the origin of bacteria; natural development of these little plants in the frozen parts of several plants. C. R., Vol. LXVIII. p. 466; Mont Med., Vol. XXII, p. 320 (1869).
Conclusions relating to the nature of the mother of vinegar and the microzymas in general. C. R., Vol I XVIII, p, 877; Gazette Medicale de Paris, 8 May, 1869.
On the alcoholic fermentation by the microzymas of the liver. C. R., Vol. LXVIII, p. 1567 (1869).
Researches relating to the microzymas of the blood and the nature of fibrin; jointly with Prof. Estor. C.R Vol. LXIXp 713 (1869).
Note for use in the history of the microzymas contained in animal cellules; by Prof. Estor. C. R., Vol. LXVII, p 529
On the nature and origin of the blood globules; jointly with Prof. Estor. C. R, Vol. LXX, p. 265 (1870)
On the geological microzymas of divers sources. C. R., Vol LXX p. 914 (1870).
On the carbonic and alcoholic fermentations of sodic acetate and of ammonium oxalate. C. R., Vol. LXX. p 69 (1870).
See also:
On the circulation of carbon in nature and the instruments of this circulation; exposition of a chemical theory of the life of the organized cellule; by A. Bechamp, Paris, Asselin; Montpellier, Seguin.
Of the microzymas of the higher organisms; by Messrs. A. Bechamp and A. Estor. Mont. M ed., Vol. XXIV, p. 32.
Exposition of the physiological theory of fermentation, according to the researches of Prof. Bechamp, by M. Estor. Messager du Midi (1865).
[The student is to understand that the above list comprises but a small fraction of the scientific work of the late Professor A. Bechamp; a fuller list, though still imperfect, occupies eight of the large folio pages of the Moniteur Scientifique (Paris) for December, 1908, and these labors were spread over fifty-three years, from 1853 to 1905 inclusive. Genius, has been defined as, in one aspect at least, the "faculity for taking infinite pains," and this faculty was possessed by M. Bechamp in an almost infinite degree.
The world has yet to learn how much it owes to this remarkable genius. The acknowledgment will be resisted by all those interests which fatten upon the ignorance and trusting confidence of the people. But thanks to his researches and discoveries it cannot be long before the medical profession will recognise the dangerous errors into which it has been led by those who succeeded in establishing a "conspiracy of silence" around Bechamp and his discoveries.—Trans.]
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